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| Author | : Jason Potts |
| Publisher | : Oxford University Press |
| Total Pages | : 320 |
| Release | : 2019-07-02 |
| Genre | : Business & Economics |
| ISBN | : 0190937513 |
Download Innovation Commons Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
Innovation is among the most important topics in understanding economic sustained economic growth. Jason Potts argues that the initial stages of innovation require cooperation under uncertainty and draws from insights on the solving of commons problems to shed light on policies and conditions conducive to the creation of new firms and industries. The problems of innovation commons are overcome, Potts shows, when there are governance institutions that incentivize cooperation, thereby facilitating the pooling of distributed information, knowledge, and other inputs. The entrepreneurial discovery of an economic opportunity is thus an emergent institution resulting from the formation of a cooperative group, under conditions of extreme uncertainty, working toward the mutual purpose of opportunity discovery about a nascent technology or new idea. Among the problems commons address are those of the identity; cooperation; consent; monitoring; punishment; and independence. A commons is efficient compared to the creation of alternative economic institutions that involve extensive contracting and networks, private property rights and price signals, or public goods (i.e. firms, markets, and governments). In other words, the origin of innovation is not entrepreneurial action per se, but the creation of a common pool resource from which entrepreneurs can discover opportunities. Potts' framework draws on the evolutionary theory of cooperation and institutional theory of the commons. It also has important implications for understanding the origin of firms and industries, and for the design of innovation policy. Beginning with a discussion of problems of knowledge and coordination as well as their implications for common pool environments, the book then explores instances of innovation commons and the lifecycle of innovation, including increased institutionalization and rigidness. Potts also discusses the possible implications of the commons framework for policies to sustain innovation dynamics.
| Author | : Jason Potts |
| Publisher | : Oxford University Press, USA |
| Total Pages | : 281 |
| Release | : 2019 |
| Genre | : Business & Economics |
| ISBN | : 0190937491 |
Download Innovation Commons Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
Innovation is among the most important topics in understanding economic sustained economic growth. Jason Potts argues that the initial stages of innovation require cooperation under uncertainty and draws from insights on the solving of commons problems to shed light on policies and conditions conducive to the creation of new firms and industries. The problems of innovation commons are overcome, Potts shows, when there are governance institutions that incentivize cooperation, thereby facilitating the pooling of distributed information, knowledge, and other inputs. The entrepreneurial discovery of an economic opportunity is thus an emergent institution resulting from the formation of a cooperative group, under conditions of extreme uncertainty, working toward the mutual purpose of opportunity discovery about a nascent technology or new idea. Among the problems commons address are those of the identity; cooperation; consent; monitoring; punishment; and independence. A commons is efficient compared to the creation of alternative economic institutions that involve extensive contracting and networks, private property rights and price signals, or public goods (i.e. firms, markets, and governments). In other words, the origin of innovation is not entrepreneurial action per se, but the creation of a common pool resource from which entrepreneurs can discover opportunities. Potts' framework draws on the evolutionary theory of cooperation and institutional theory of the commons. It also has important implications for understanding the origin of firms and industries, and for the design of innovation policy. Beginning with a discussion of problems of knowledge and coordination as well as their implications for common pool environments, the book then explores instances of innovation commons and the lifecycle of innovation, including increased institutionalization and rigidness. Potts also discusses the possible implications of the commons framework for policies to sustain innovation dynamics.
| Author | : Sheila R. Foster |
| Publisher | : Cambridge University Press |
| Total Pages | : 566 |
| Release | : 2021-11-11 |
| Genre | : Law |
| ISBN | : 1108944949 |
Download The Cambridge Handbook of Commons Research Innovations Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
The commons theory, first articulated by Elinor Ostrom, is increasingly used as a framework to understand and rethink the management and governance of many kinds of shared resources. These resources can include natural and digital properties, cultural goods, knowledge and intellectual property, and housing and urban infrastructure, among many others. In a world of increasing scarcity and demand - from individuals, states, and markets - it is imperative to understand how best to induce cooperation among users of these resources in ways that advance sustainability, affordability, equity, and justice. This volume reflects this multifaceted and multidisciplinary field from a variety of perspectives, offering new applications and extensions of the commons theory, which is as diverse as the scholars who study it and is still developing in exciting ways.
| Author | : Erwin Dekker |
| Publisher | : Cambridge University Press |
| Total Pages | : 291 |
| Release | : 2021-12-16 |
| Genre | : Law |
| ISBN | : 1108696422 |
Download Governing Markets as Knowledge Commons Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
Knowledge commons facilitate voluntary private interactions in markets and societies. These shared pools of knowledge consist of intellectual and legal infrastructures that both enable and constrain private initiatives. This volume brings together theoretical and empirical approaches that develop and apply the Governing Knowledge Commons framework to the evolution of various kinds of shared knowledge structures that underpin exchanges of goods, services, and ideas. Chapters offer vivid and illuminating case studies that illustrate this conceptual framework. How did pooling scientific knowledge enable the Industrial Revolution? How do social networks underpin the credit system enabling the Agra footwear market? How did the market category Scotch whisky emerge and who has access to it? What is the potential of blockchain-ledgers as shared knowledge repositories? This volume demonstrates the importance of shared knowledge in modern society.
| Author | : Jason Potts |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 18 |
| Release | : 2016 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : |
Download The Innovation Commons Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
An innovation commons is an institutional solution to the innovation problem in which knowledge, information and resources are pooled under defined governance rules to enable a particular community access to those inputs into innovation, often in a context of peer production. This paper examines the economics of why and when the commons is an effective institutional solution to the innovation problem. I set out four basic models of the innovation commons: (1) dual-commons; (2) evolution of cooperation; (3) strategic defence; (4) uncertainty of idea type. I suggest how innovation policy might look like were it were to recognise the contribution of the innovation commons.
| Author | : Eric Von Hippel |
| Publisher | : MIT Press |
| Total Pages | : 224 |
| Release | : 2006-02-17 |
| Genre | : Business & Economics |
| ISBN | : 0262250179 |
Download Democratizing Innovation Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
The process of user-centered innovation: how it can benefit both users and manufacturers and how its emergence will bring changes in business models and in public policy. Innovation is rapidly becoming democratized. Users, aided by improvements in computer and communications technology, increasingly can develop their own new products and services. These innovating users—both individuals and firms—often freely share their innovations with others, creating user-innovation communities and a rich intellectual commons. In Democratizing Innovation, Eric von Hippel looks closely at this emerging system of user-centered innovation. He explains why and when users find it profitable to develop new products and services for themselves, and why it often pays users to reveal their innovations freely for the use of all.The trend toward democratized innovation can be seen in software and information products—most notably in the free and open-source software movement—but also in physical products. Von Hippel's many examples of user innovation in action range from surgical equipment to surfboards to software security features. He shows that product and service development is concentrated among "lead users," who are ahead on marketplace trends and whose innovations are often commercially attractive. Von Hippel argues that manufacturers should redesign their innovation processes and that they should systematically seek out innovations developed by users. He points to businesses—the custom semiconductor industry is one example—that have learned to assist user-innovators by providing them with toolkits for developing new products. User innovation has a positive impact on social welfare, and von Hippel proposes that government policies, including R&D subsidies and tax credits, should be realigned to eliminate biases against it. The goal of a democratized user-centered innovation system, says von Hippel, is well worth striving for. An electronic version of this book is available under a Creative Commons license.
| Author | : Darcy W E. Allen |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 18 |
| Release | : 2018 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : |
Download The Innovation Commons - Why it Exists, What it Does, Who it Benefits, and How Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
We propose a new type of commons - an 'innovation commons' - that is an emergent institutional solution to 'the innovation problem' (defined as a collective action problem, not a market failure problem). In an innovation commons entrepreneurs pool innovation resources (i.e. inputs into the innovation process) under defined access and governance rules. Innovation requires entrepreneurship, which requires information about market opportunities. This information has interesting characteristics that lend itself to becoming a common pool resource: it is dispersed about the economy; difficult to value in its parts; and largely produced through experiment and experience. Moreover, this information resource fits poorly in institutions of markets or states because uncertainty renders them comparatively costly. We show how the innovation commons solves this problem as a temporary institution that forms around a particular new idea at the very beginning of an innovation trajectory where uncertainty is highest.
| Author | : Lawrence Lessig |
| Publisher | : Vintage |
| Total Pages | : 378 |
| Release | : 2002-10-22 |
| Genre | : Computers |
| ISBN | : 0375726446 |
Download The Future of Ideas Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
The Internet revolution has come. Some say it has gone. In The Future of Ideas, Lawrence Lessig explains how the revolution has produced a counterrevolution of potentially devastating power and effect. Creativity once flourished because the Net protected a commons on which widest range of innovators could experiment. But now, manipulating the law for their own purposes, corporations have established themselves as virtual gatekeepers of the Net while Congress, in the pockets of media magnates, has rewritten copyright and patent laws to stifle creativity and progress. Lessig weaves the history of technology and its relevant laws to make a lucid and accessible case to protect the sanctity of intellectual freedom. He shows how the door to a future of ideas is being shut just as technology is creating extraordinary possibilities that have implications for all of us. Vital, eloquent, judicious and forthright, The Future of Ideas is a call to arms that we can ill afford to ignore.
| Author | : Lawrence Lessig |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 88 |
| Release | : 2003 |
| Genre | : Copyright |
| ISBN | : 9789626612101 |
Download The Innovation Commons Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
| Author | : Brett M. Frischmann |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 516 |
| Release | : 2014 |
| Genre | : Business & Economics |
| ISBN | : 0199972036 |
Download Governing Knowledge Commons Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
"Knowledge commons" describes the institutionalized community governance of the sharing and, in some cases, creation, of information, science, knowledge, data, and other types of intellectual and cultural resources. It is the subject of enormous recent interest and enthusiasm with respect to policymaking about innovation, creative production, and intellectual property. Taking that enthusiasm as its starting point, Governing Knowledge Commons argues that policymaking should be based on evidence and a deeper understanding of what makes commons institutions work. It offers a systematic way to study knowledge commons, borrowing and building on Elinor Ostrom's Nobel Prize-winning research on natural resource commons. It proposes a framework for studying knowledge commons that is adapted to the unique attributes of knowledge and information, describing the framework in detail and explaining how to put it into context both with respect to commons research and with respect to innovation and information policy. Eleven detailed case studies apply and discuss the framework exploring knowledge commons across a wide variety of scientific and cultural domains.
