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Powering Autonomous Sensors

Powering Autonomous Sensors
Author: María Teresa Penella-López
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Total Pages: 155
Release: 2011-05-18
Genre: Science
ISBN: 9400715730

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Autonomous sensors transmit data and power their electronics without using cables. They can be found in e.g. wireless sensor networks (WSNs) or remote acquisition systems. Although primary batteries provide a simple design for powering autonomous sensors, they present several limitations such as limited capacity and power density, and difficulty in predicting their condition and state of charge. An alternative is to extract energy from the ambient (energy harvesting). However, the reduced dimensions of most autonomous sensors lead to a low level of available power from the energy transducer. Thus, efficient methods and circuits to manage and gather the energy are a must. An integral approach for powering autonomous sensors by considering both primary batteries and energy harvesters is presented. Two rather different forms of energy harvesting are also dealt with: optical (or solar) and radiofrequency (RF). Optical energy provides high energy density, especially outdoors, whereas RF remote powering is possibly the most feasible option for autonomous sensors embedded into the soil or within structures. Throughout different chapters, devices such as primary and secondary batteries, supercapacitors, and energy transducers are extensively reviewed. Then, circuits and methods found in the literature used to efficiently extract and gather the energy are presented. Finally, new proposals based on the authors’ own research are analyzed and tested. Every chapter is written to be rather independent, with each incorporating the relevant literature references. Powering Autonomous Sensors is intended for a wide audience working on or interested in the powering of autonomous sensors. Researchers and engineers can find a broad introduction to basic topics in this interesting and emerging area as well as further insights on the topics of solar and RF harvesting and of circuits and methods to maximize the power extracted from energy transducers.


Monitoring Switch-type Sensors and Powering Autonomous Sensors Via Inductive Coupling: Application to Removable Seats in Vehicles

Monitoring Switch-type Sensors and Powering Autonomous Sensors Via Inductive Coupling: Application to Removable Seats in Vehicles
Author: Joan Albesa Querol
Publisher:
Total Pages: 157
Release: 2013
Genre:
ISBN:

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Algunes aplicacions a l'entorn de l'automòbil no són possibles si no és mitjançant la connexió sense fils dels seus dispositius a causa que el cablejat és difícil o inviable. Alguns exemples els trobem en el monitoratge de sensors situats en parts rotatòries, com les rodes, o en elements extraïbles, com els seients. Els sistemes de monitoratge de la pressió de l'aire en les rodes (TPMS) són d'obligat compliment als EUA i ho seran en breu també als països membres de la UE per als vehicles de categories M1 o N1 aprovats a partir de l'1 de novembre de 2012 o per als vehicles matriculats a partir de l'1 de novembre de 2014. Actualment, els sistemes TPMS existents al mercat estan alimentats per piles. Amb tot, la vida útil exigida per a les bateries és d'uns 10 anys, esdevenint el seu ús un autèntic repte. Un altre element en contra de l'ús de bateries és la directiva 2006/66/CE que limita el nombre màxim permès en els vehicles. D'altra banda, moltes furgonetes o mini furgonetes i vehicles familiars incorporen seients extraïbles amb l'objectiu d'aprofitar al màxim l'espai interior. Alguns models comercials incorporen en el seient extraïble el detector de cinturó de seguretat. Per evitar el cablejat, existeixen sistemes de detecció passiva mitjançant acoblament inductiu. A partir del present any 2012, una regulació de la agència nord-americana NHTSA requereix de l'ús de coixins de seguretat intel·ligents per minimitzar els riscos en nens. Aquests seients intel·ligents haurien de detectar si el passatger és un adult, una cadira infantil o si està lliure per evitar problemes ocorreguts en anterioritat amb els sistemes coixí de seguretat. Els sensors usats per a aquests coixins de seguretat intel·ligents requeririen d'energia per operar. Una opció per als seients extraïbles és la transmissió de potència via acoblament inductiu des del terra del xassís del vehicle fins al seient. També és possible usar l'acoblament inductiu per detectar l'estat de diversos sensors existents en els seients extraïbles mitjançant detecció passiva. Precisament, la detecció d'ocupació i de cinturó de seguretat en seients extraïbles ha estat seleccionada per aplicar la investigació present que consisteix, d'una banda, en el monitoratge de sensors de tipus commutat (dos possibles estats) via acoblament inductiu i, per una altra, en la transmissió mitjançant el mateix principi físic de la potència necessària per alimentar els sensors autònoms remots. En els dos casos, una primera bobina es fixaria en el seient extraïble, connectada als sensors, i una segona bobina se situaria sota la primera, en el terra del vehicle.


Energy Harvesting Autonomous Sensor Systems

Energy Harvesting Autonomous Sensor Systems
Author: Yen Kheng Tan
Publisher: CRC Press
Total Pages: 254
Release: 2017-12-19
Genre: Technology & Engineering
ISBN: 1439894353

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Energy Harvesting Autonomous Sensor Systems: Design, Analysis, and Practical Implementation provides a wide range of coverage of various energy harvesting techniques to enable the development of a truly self-autonomous and sustainable energy harvesting wireless sensor network (EH-WSN). It supplies a practical overview of the entire EH-WSN system from energy source all the way to energy usage by wireless sensor nodes/network. After an in-depth review of existing energy harvesting research thus far, the book focuses on: Outlines two wind energy harvesting (WEH) approaches, one using a wind turbine generator and one a piezoelectric wind energy harvester Covers thermal energy harvesting (TEH) from ambient heat sources with low temperature differences Presents two types of piezoelectric-based vibration energy harvesting systems to harvest impact or impulse forces from a human pressing a button or switch action Examines hybrid energy harvesting approaches that augment the reliability of the wireless sensor node’s operation Discusses a hybrid wind and solar energy harvesting scheme to simultaneously use both energy sources and therefore extend the lifetime of the wireless sensor node Explores a hybrid of indoor ambient light and TEH scheme that uses only one power management circuit to condition the combined output power harvested from both energy sources Although the author focuses on small-scale energy harvesting, the systems discussed can be upsized to large-scale renewable energy harvesting systems. The book goes beyond theory to explore practical applications that not only solve real-life energy issues but pave the way for future work in this area.


Energy Harvesting for Wireless Sensor Networks

Energy Harvesting for Wireless Sensor Networks
Author: Olfa Kanoun
Publisher: Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG
Total Pages: 400
Release: 2018-11-19
Genre: Science
ISBN: 3110436116

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Wireless sensors and sensor networks (WSNs) are nowadays becoming increasingly important due to their decisive advantages. Different trends towards the Internet of Things (IoT), Industry 4.0 and 5G Networks address massive sensing and admit to have wireless sensors delivering measurement data directly to the Web in a reliable and easy manner. These sensors can only be supported, if sufficient energy efficiency and flexible solutions are developed for energy-aware wireless sensor nodes. In the last years, different possibilities for energy harvesting have been investigated showing a high level of maturity. This book gives therefore an overview on fundamentals and techniques for energy harvesting and energy transfer from different points of view. Different techniques and methods for energy transfer, management and energy saving on network level are reported together with selected interesting applications. The book is interesting for researchers, developers and students in the field of sensors, wireless sensors, WSNs, IoT and manifold application fields using related technologies. The book is organized in four major parts. The first part of the book introduces essential fundamentals and methods, while the second part focusses on vibration converters and hybridization. The third part is dedicated to wireless energy transfer, including both RF and inductive energy transfer. Finally, the fourth part of the book treats energy saving and management strategies. The main contents are: Essential fundamentals and methods of wireless sensors Energy harvesting from vibration Hybrid vibration energy converters Electromagnetic transducers Piezoelectric transducers Magneto-electric transducers Non-linear broadband converters Energy transfer via magnetic fields RF energy transfer Energy saving techniques Energy management strategies Energy management on network level Applications in agriculture Applications in structural health monitoring Application in power grids Prof. Dr. Olfa Kanoun is professor for measurement and sensor technology at Chemnitz university of technology. She is specialist in the field of sensors and sensor systems design.


A CMOS Self-Powered Front-End Architecture for Subcutaneous Event-Detector Devices

A CMOS Self-Powered Front-End Architecture for Subcutaneous Event-Detector Devices
Author: Jordi Colomer-Farrarons
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Total Pages: 169
Release: 2011-02-17
Genre: Technology & Engineering
ISBN: 9400706863

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A CMOS Self-Powered Front-End Architecture for Subcutaneous Event-Detector Devices presents the conception and prototype realization of a Self-Powered architecture for subcutaneous detector devices. The architecture is designed to work as a true/false (event detector) or threshold level alarm of some substances, ions, etc... that are detected through a three-electrodes amperometric BioSensor approach. The device is envisaged as a Low-Power subcutaneous implantable application powered by an inductive link, one emitter antenna at the external side of the skin and the receiver antenna under the skin. The sensor is controlled with a Potentiostat circuit and then, a post-processing unit detects the desired levels and activates the transmission via a backscattering method by the inductive link. All the instrumentation, except the power module, is implemented in the so called BioChip. Following the idea of the powering link to harvest energy of the magnetic induced link at the implanted device, a Multi-Harvesting Power Chip (MHPC) has been also designed.


Measurement, Instrumentation, and Sensors Handbook

Measurement, Instrumentation, and Sensors Handbook
Author: John G. Webster
Publisher: CRC Press
Total Pages: 1639
Release: 2018-09-03
Genre: Medical
ISBN: 1439863261

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This new edition of the bestselling Measurement, Instrumentation, and Sensors Handbook brings together all aspects of the design and implementation of measurement, instrumentation, and sensors. Reflecting the current state of the art, it describes the use of instruments and techniques for performing practical measurements in engineering, physics, chemistry, and the life sciences; explains sensors and the associated hardware and software; and discusses processing systems, automatic data acquisition, reduction and analysis, operation characteristics, accuracy, errors, calibrations, and the incorporation of standards for control purposes. Organized according to measurement problem, the Second Edition: Consists of 2 volumes Features contributions from 240+ field experts Contains 53 new chapters, plus updates to all 194 existing chapters Addresses different ways of making measurements for given variables Emphasizes modern intelligent instruments and techniques, human factors, modern display methods, instrument networks, and virtual instruments Explains modern wireless techniques, sensors, measurements, and applications A concise and useful reference for engineers, scientists, academic faculty, students, designers, managers, and industry professionals involved in instrumentation and measurement research and development, Measurement, Instrumentation, and Sensors Handbook, Second Edition provides readers with a greater understanding of advanced applications.


Measurement, Instrumentation, and Sensors Handbook, Second Edition

Measurement, Instrumentation, and Sensors Handbook, Second Edition
Author: John G. Webster
Publisher: CRC Press
Total Pages: 1641
Release: 2014-01-29
Genre: Medical
ISBN: 1439848882

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The Second Edition of the bestselling Measurement, Instrumentation, and Sensors Handbook brings together all aspects of the design and implementation of measurement, instrumentation, and sensors. Reflecting the current state of the art, it describes the use of instruments and techniques for performing practical measurements in engineering, physics, chemistry, and the life sciences and discusses processing systems, automatic data acquisition, reduction and analysis, operation characteristics, accuracy, errors, calibrations, and the incorporation of standards for control purposes. Organized according to measurement problem, the Spatial, Mechanical, Thermal, and Radiation Measurement volume of the Second Edition: Contains contributions from field experts, new chapters, and updates to all 96 existing chapters Covers instrumentation and measurement concepts, spatial and mechanical variables, displacement, acoustics, flow and spot velocity, radiation, wireless sensors and instrumentation, and control and human factors A concise and useful reference for engineers, scientists, academic faculty, students, designers, managers, and industry professionals involved in instrumentation and measurement research and development, Measurement, Instrumentation, and Sensors Handbook, Second Edition: Spatial, Mechanical, Thermal, and Radiation Measurement provides readers with a greater understanding of advanced applications.


Handbook of Mems for Wireless and Mobile Applications

Handbook of Mems for Wireless and Mobile Applications
Author: Deepak Uttamchandani
Publisher: Elsevier
Total Pages: 640
Release: 2013-08-31
Genre: Technology & Engineering
ISBN: 0857098616

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The increasing demand for mobile and wireless sensing necessitates the use of highly integrated technology featuring small size, low weight, high performance and low cost: micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) can meet this need. The Handbook of MEMS for wireless and mobile applications provides a comprehensive overview of radio frequency (RF) MEMS technologies and explores the use of these technologies over a wide range of application areas.Part one provides an introduction to the use of RF MEMS as an enabling technology for wireless applications. Chapters review RF MEMS technology and applications as a whole before moving on to describe specific technologies for wireless applications including passive components, phase shifters and antennas. Packaging and reliability of RF MEMS is also discussed. Chapters in part two focus on wireless techniques and applications of wireless MEMS including biomedical applications, such as implantable MEMS, intraocular pressure sensors and wireless drug delivery. Further chapters highlight the use of RF MEMS for automotive radar, the monitoring of telecommunications reliability using wireless MEMS and the use of optical MEMS displays in portable electronics.With its distinguished editor and international team of expert authors, the Handbook of MEMS for wireless and mobile applications is a technical resource for MEMS manufacturers, the electronics industry, and scientists, engineers and academics working on MEMS and wireless systems. Reviews the use of radio frequency (RF) MEMS as an enabling technology for wireless applications Discusses wireless techniques and applications of wireless MEMS, including biomedical applications Describes monitoring structures and the environment with wireless MEMS


Energy Harvesting with Functional Materials and Microsystems

Energy Harvesting with Functional Materials and Microsystems
Author: Madhu Bhaskaran
Publisher: CRC Press
Total Pages: 292
Release: 2017-12-19
Genre: Science
ISBN: 1351831666

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For decades, people have searched for ways to harvest energy from natural sources. Lately, a desire to address the issue of global warming and climate change has popularized solar or photovoltaic technology, while piezoelectric technology is being developed to power handheld devices without batteries, and thermoelectric technology is being explored to convert wasted heat, such as in automobile engine combustion, into electricity. Featuring contributions from international researchers in both academics and industry, Energy Harvesting with Functional Materials and Microsystems explains the growing field of energy harvesting from a materials and device perspective, with resulting technologies capable of enabling low-power implantable sensors or a large-scale electrical grid. In addition to the design, implementation, and components of energy-efficient electronics, the book covers current advances in energy-harvesting materials and technology, including: High-efficiency solar technologies with lower cost than existing silicon-based photovoltaics Novel piezoelectric technologies utilizing mechanical energy from vibrations and pressure The ability to harness thermal energy and temperature profiles with thermoelectric materials Whether you’re a practicing engineer, academician, graduate student, or entrepreneur looking to invest in energy-harvesting devices, this book is your complete guide to fundamental materials and applied microsystems for energy harvesting.