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| Author | : Gary Matteson |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 0 |
| Release | : 2022 |
| Genre | : |
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| Author | : Alexander Allan |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : |
| Release | : 2011 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : 9781124664477 |
California has enacted a number of policies that incentivize the use of advanced vehicle technologies and fuels to help reduce petroleum usage, air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. These include the Pavley greenhouse gas emissions standards, the Low Carbon Fuel Standard (LCFS), the Zero Emission Vehicle (ZEV) and Low-Emission Vehicle (LEV) regulations and initiatives that support adoption of alternative fuels, such as the Air Quality Improvement Program (AQIP) and Alternative Fuel Incentive Program (AFIP). In addition, the state has set an economy-wide goal of reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions 80% below 1990 levels by 2050. Greatly reducing GHG emissions from the transportation sector will likely require large-scale adoption of electric-drive - plug-in hybrid electric, battery-electric, or hydrogen fuel cell vehicles - powered by renewable, low carbon electricity or hydrogen. Under the Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) the contribution of renewable sources to California's electricity generation mix will increase from 20 percent in 2010 to 33 percent in 2020. Likewise, SB1505 requires hydrogen transportation fuel in California to achieve a 30% reduction in GHG emissions per mile and include a 33% renewable component. The mutual policy goals of decarbonized transportation fuels and electricity generation will lead to a "convergence" of these two previously disparate energy sectors. Any effort to assess California's ability to achieve deep GHG emissions cuts from transportation will therefore require an integrated approach that considers such a convergence, understanding how best to share energy supply resources among both sectors and meet the combined demand for low-carbon, renewable energy they represent. In previous studies, Ryan McCarthy developed an hourly model of California's future electricity grid (LEDGE-CA) to investigate GHG emissions and cost impacts attributable to interactions between growing populations of electric-drive vehicles and the evolution of the electricity supply in California. This thesis aims to extend McCarthy's work in two key areas: quantifying renewable resources available for electricity and hydrogen fuel production in California and investigating the potential role of energy storage. Using geospatial and temporal analysis of planned and potential renewable electricity generation projects, this study develops a detailed assessment of the hourly renewable electricity supply in California that serves as an input into LEDGE-CA. Wind and solar energy are abundant renewable resources in California, yet their intermittency make them challenging to integrate into the electricity grid. Grid-energy storage options are evaluated to investigate how best to utilize wind and solar energy resources to meet electricity and hydrogen fuel demand. This study assesses the total potential for using renewable resources to produce fuel for electric and hydrogen vehicles in California and identifies potential strategy differences in terms of where and when to produce electricity and hydrogen fuels. Alternative pathways are compared with respect to cost, GHG emissions, energy demand, and transition issues.
| Author | : Ottmar Edenhofer |
| Publisher | : Cambridge University Press |
| Total Pages | : 1088 |
| Release | : 2011-11-21 |
| Genre | : Science |
| ISBN | : 9781107607101 |
This Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Special Report (IPCC-SRREN) assesses the potential role of renewable energy in the mitigation of climate change. It covers the six most important renewable energy sources - bioenergy, solar, geothermal, hydropower, ocean and wind energy - as well as their integration into present and future energy systems. It considers the environmental and social consequences associated with the deployment of these technologies, and presents strategies to overcome technical as well as non-technical obstacles to their application and diffusion. SRREN brings a broad spectrum of technology-specific experts together with scientists studying energy systems as a whole. Prepared following strict IPCC procedures, it presents an impartial assessment of the current state of knowledge: it is policy relevant but not policy prescriptive. SRREN is an invaluable assessment of the potential role of renewable energy for the mitigation of climate change for policymakers, the private sector, and academic researchers.
| Author | : Christina Bautista Zapata |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : |
| Release | : 2018 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : 9780355969733 |
California’s goal to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions 80% below 1990 levels by the year 2050 will require adoption of low-carbon energy sources across all economic sectors. The CA-TIMES model is a bottom-up energy-economic cost minimization model that was designed to examine different energy scenarios paths given carbon constraints. Here I have dissected two CA-TIMES scenarios, a business-as-usual (BAU) and a GHG-constrained (GHG-Step) scenario, to enhance understanding of how transforming energy can lead to changes in (Part I) short-lived criteria pollutant emissions and impact (Part II) air pollution, public health, and costs associated with premature mortality. In Part (I) the California REgional Multisector AiR QUality Emissions (CA-REMARQUE) model was developed to estimate criteria pollutant emissions inventories for each CA-TIMES energy scenario. Separate algorithms were developed to estimate criteria pollutant and precursor emissions for all energy sectors. This required the incorporation of literature-based emission profiles of particulate chemical composition and size distribution and gas speciation, and emission rates. Spatially-resolved energy projections were reviewed and gathered for many future and advanced electrification, biofuels, and hydrogen technologies. CA-REMARQUE results indicate an overall decrease in emissions across all sectors given a GHG-Step scenario, but also unexpected increases across in some specific energy sectors. Avoidance of fossil fuel consumption and use of alternative fuels, primarily in the GHG-Step scenario, also modify the composition of reactive organic gas emissions and the size and composition of particulate matter emissions. In Part (II) the UCD/CIT Airshed Lagrangian model was run to simulate annual-average air pollution changes of PM2.5 and O3 concentrations. Simulations were conducted for three modelling domains over California: a 576 km2 cell resolution over California, 16 km2 cell resolution over Central Valley, and 16 km2 cell resolution over Southern California. Simulated annual-average PM2.5 and O3 exposure were used to estimate mortality (total deaths per year) and mortality rate (deaths per 100,000) using established exposure-response relationships from air pollution epidemiology. Predicted deaths associated with air pollution in 2050 dropped by 24%–26% in California (1,537–2,758 avoided deaths yr−1) in the 2050 GHG-Step scenario, equivalent to a 54%–56% reduction in the air pollution mortality rate (deaths per 100,000) relative to 2010 levels. These avoided deaths have an estimated value of $11.4B–$20.4B USD per year. Best estimates suggest that meeting an intermediate target (40% reduction in GHG emissions by the year 2030) using a non-optimized scenario would reduce personal income by $4.95B yr−1 (-0.15%) and lower overall state GDP by $16.1B yr−1 (-0.45%). The public health benefits described here are comparable to these cost estimates, making a compelling argument for the adoption of low-carbon energy in California beyond costs associated more directly with climate change.
| Author | : Peter Asmus |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 458 |
| Release | : 2009 |
| Genre | : Economic development |
| ISBN | : |
This key reference is a primer on energy in a state that continues to lead the world in finding sustainable solutions to one of the most pressing issues of the twenty-first century. While much public debate has focused on fossil fuels, this clearly written guide provides essential information on a broader range of issues--where our energy comes from, where future supplies will be found, and what new advances are being made in the area of renewable energy sources. Making the complex world of energy science and policy accessible to a wide audience, Peter Asmus examines the rich human history of California's earliest oil and hydroelectricity developments, explains the natural history underpinning the state's cornucopia of energy sources, covers such controversial sources as nuclear reactors and liquified natural gas, and more. Introduction to Energy in California includes: * Discussion of oil, nuclear power, coal, emerging alternative technologies, and renewable sources including geothermal, solar, wind, and hydropower * Analysis of the challenges and solutions facing California and the world on energy-related issues such as global climate change * Compelling case studies of corporations, governments, communities, and individuals working on today's most pressing energy questions * Color illustrations, useful maps, and clear graphics throughout
| Author | : Max Wei |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 102 |
| Release | : 2019 |
| Genre | : Climatic changes |
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| Author | : Celia Howell |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 46 |
| Release | : 1997 |
| Genre | : Energy policy |
| ISBN | : |
| Author | : International Renewable Energy Agency IRENA |
| Publisher | : International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) |
| Total Pages | : 344 |
| Release | : 2020-04-01 |
| Genre | : Technology & Engineering |
| ISBN | : 9292602500 |
This outlook highlights climate-safe investment options until 2050, policies for transition and specific regional challenges. It also explores options to eventually cut emissions to zero.
| Author | : |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 74 |
| Release | : 1986 |
| Genre | : Energy consumption |
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| Release | : 2014 |
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This study provides an updated analysis of long-term energy system scenarios for California consistent with the State meeting its 2050 climate goal, including detailed analysis and assessment of electricity system build-out, operation, and costs across the Western Electricity Coordinating Council (WECC) region. Four key elements are found to be critical for the State to achieve its 2050 goal of 80 percent greenhouse (GHG) reductions from the 1990 level: aggressive energy efficiency; clean electricity; widespread electrification of passenger vehicles, building heating, and industry heating; and large-scale production of low-carbon footprint biofuels to largely replace petroleum-based liquid fuels. The approach taken here is that technically achievable energy efficiency measures are assumed to be achieved by 2050 and aggregated with the other key elements mentioned above to estimate resultant emissions in 2050. The energy and non-energy sectors are each assumed to have the objective of meeting an 80 percent reduction from their respective 1990 GHG levels for the purposes of analysis. A different partitioning of energy and non-energy sector GHG greenhouse reductions is allowed if emission reductions in one sector are more economic or technically achievable than in the other. Similarly, within the energy or non-energy sectors, greater or less than 80 percent reduction from 1990 is allowed for sub-sectors within the energy or non-energy sectors as long as the overall target is achieved. Overall emissions for the key economy-wide scenarios are considered in this report. All scenarios are compliant or nearly compliant with the 2050 goal. This finding suggests that multiple technical pathways exist to achieve the target with aggressive policy support and continued technology development of largely existing technologies.
