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Author | : IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans |
Publisher | : World Health Organization |
Total Pages | : 692 |
Release | : 1999 |
Genre | : Medical |
ISBN | : |
Download Hormonal Contraception and Post-menopausal Hormonal Therapy Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
Evaluates evidence for an increased risk of cancer in women using combined oral contraceptives, progestogen-only hormonal contraceptives, post-menopausal estrogen therapy, and post-menopausal estrogen-progestogen therapy. Although the carcinogenicity of these preparations has been extensively investigated, the book stresses the many complex methodological issues that must be considered when interpreting findings and weighing results. Evidence of an association between use of these preparations and positive effects on health, including a reduced risk of some cancers, is also critically assessed. The first and most extensive monograph evaluates evidence of an association between the use of combined oral contraceptives and cancer at nine sites. Concerning breast cancer, the evaluation concludes that, even if the association is causal, the excess risk for breast cancer associated with patterns of use that are typical today is very small. Studies of predominantly high-dose preparations found an increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in the absence of hepatitis viruses. Citing these findings, the evaluation concludes that there is sufficient evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of combined oral contraceptives. The evaluation also found sufficient evidence for the carcinogenicity of some, but not all, combined preparations in animals. Combined oral contraceptives were classified as carcinogenic to humans. The evaluation also cites conclusive evidence that these agents have a protective effect against cancers of the ovary and endometrium. Progestogen-only contraceptives are evaluated in the second monograph, which considers the association with cancer at six sites. The evaluation found no evidence of an increased risk for breast cancer. Although the evaluation found sufficient evidence in animals for the carcinogenicity of medroxyprogesterone acetate, evidence for the carcinogenicity of progestogen-only contraceptives in humans was judged inadequate. Progestogen-only contraceptives were classified as possibly carcinogenic to humans. The third monograph, on post-menopausal estrogen therapy, considers evidence of an association with cancer at eight sites. Findings from a large number of epidemiological studies indicate a small increase in the risk of breast cancer in women who have used these preparations for five years or more. Studies consistently show an association between use of post-menopausal estrogen therapy and an increased risk for endometrial cancer. Data on the association with other cancers were either inconclusive or suggested no effect on risk. The evaluation concludes that post-menopausal estrogen therapy is carcinogenic to humans. The final monograph evaluates the association between the use of post-menopausal estrogen-progestogen therapy and cancer at four sites. The evaluation of limited data on breast cancer found an increased relative risk observed with long-term use. Data were judged insufficient to assess the effects of past use and of different progestogen compounds, doses, and treatment schedules. For endometrial cancer, the evaluation found an increase in risk relative to non-users when the progestogen was added to the cycle for 10 days or fewer. Post-menopausal estrogen-progestogen therapy was classified as possibly carcinogenic to humans. Concerning post-menopausal therapy in general, the book notes that evidence of carcinogenic risks must be placed in perspective of potential benefits. The prevention of osteoporotic fractures is cited as the best-established benefit. Evidence also suggests that estrogen prevents heart disease and may prevent memory loss and dementia.
Author | : |
Publisher | : |
Total Pages | : |
Release | : 1999 |
Genre | : Electronic book |
ISBN | : |
Download Hormonal Contraception and Post-menopausal Hormonal Therapy Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
Annotation Evaluates evidence for an increased risk of cancer in women using combined oral contraceptives, progestogen-only hormonal contraceptives, post-menopausal oestrogen therapy, and post-menopausal oestrogen-progestogen therapy. Although the carcinogenicity of these preparations has been extensively investigated, the book stresses the many complex methodological issues that must be considered when interpreting findings and weighing results. Evidence of an association between use of these preparations and positive effects on health, including a reduced risk of some cancers, is also critically assessed.
Author | : IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans |
Publisher | : World Health Organization |
Total Pages | : 544 |
Release | : 2007 |
Genre | : Medical |
ISBN | : 9283212916 |
Download Combined Estrogen-progestogen Contraceptives and Combined Estrogen-progestogen Menopausal Therapy Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
Oral contraceptives for family planning worldwide have revolutionized the reproductive lives of millions of women since their introduction in the 1960s. Later on, a variety of side-effects including cardiovascular diseases was recognized. In response to these concerns, new generations of combined oral contraceptives were developed that featured lower dose of estrogen and newer, more potent progestogens. The effectiveness and ease of use of combined hormonal contraceptives suggest that they will continue to be used to a significant extent in the future. This ninety-first volume of IARC Monograp.
Author | : Hilary O. D. Critchley |
Publisher | : |
Total Pages | : 364 |
Release | : 2004 |
Genre | : Menopause |
ISBN | : 9781904752110 |
Download Menopause and Hormone Replacement Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
Author | : World Health Organization WHO. |
Publisher | : |
Total Pages | : |
Release | : 1999 |
Genre | : |
ISBN | : |
Download Hormonal Contraception and Post-menopausal Hormonal Therapy Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
Author | : |
Publisher | : |
Total Pages | : 136 |
Release | : 1992 |
Genre | : Health & Fitness |
ISBN | : |
Download The Menopause, Hormone Therapy, and Women's Health Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
An information guide to information on the subject of menopause.
Author | : |
Publisher | : World Health Organization |
Total Pages | : 130 |
Release | : 2010 |
Genre | : Business & Economics |
ISBN | : 9241563885 |
Download Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use reviews the medical eligibility criteria for use of contraception, offering guidance on the safety and use of different methods for women and men with specific characteristics or known medical conditions. The recommendations are based on systematic reviews of available clinical and epidemiological research. It is a companion guideline to Selected Practice Recommendations for Contraceptive Use. Together, these documents are intended to be used by policy-makers, program managers, and the scientific community to support national programs in the preparation of service delivery guidelines. The fourth edition of this useful resource supersedes previous editions, and has been fully updated and expanded. It includes over 86 new recommendations and 165 updates to recommendations in the previous edition. Guidance for populations with special needs is now provided, and a new annex details evidence on drug interactions from concomitant use of antiretroviral therapies and hormonal contraceptives. To assist users familiar with the third edition, new and updated recommendations are highlighted. Everyone involved in providing family planning services and contraception should have the fourth edition of Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use at hand.
Author | : World Health Organization. Reproductive Health and Research |
Publisher | : World Health Organization |
Total Pages | : 144 |
Release | : 2005 |
Genre | : Medical |
ISBN | : 9241562846 |
Download Selected Practice Recommendations for Contraceptive Use Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
This document is one of two evidence-based cornerstones of the World Health Organization's (WHO) new initiative to develop and implement evidence-based guidelines for family planning. The first cornerstone, the Medical eligibility criteria for contraceptive use (third edition) published in 2004, provides guidance for who can use contraceptive methods safely. This document, the Selected practice recommendations for contraceptive use (second edition), provides guidance for how to use contraceptive methods safely and effectively once they are deemed to be medically appropriate. The recommendations contained in this document are the product of a process that culminated in an expert Working Group meeting held at the World Health Organization, Geneva, 13-16 April 2004.
Author | : M.I. Whitehead |
Publisher | : CRC Press |
Total Pages | : 224 |
Release | : 1998-08-15 |
Genre | : Medical |
ISBN | : 9781850709749 |
Download The Prescriber's Guide to Hormone Replacement Therapy Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
Drawing together many of the world's foremost experts, this book provides clear and specific guidance about the prescription of hormone replacement therapy. It covers prescribing for patients with a wide range of pre-existing diseases. In each instance, expert advice is given with reference to the latest published research. There is also an overview of other key issues affecting the choice of therapy.
Author | : L. R. Sitruk-Ware |
Publisher | : |
Total Pages | : 328 |
Release | : 1991 |
Genre | : Health & Fitness |
ISBN | : |
Download The Menopause and Hormonal Replacement Therapy Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
Specialists of several disciplines address most of the controversies still prevailing on menopause and its related disorders as well as its therapeutic aspects. The contributed chapters are organized in sections dealing with considerations pertaining to the untreated menopause, the treated menopause