History Of Switzerland 1499 1914 PDF Download

Wilhelm Oechsli (1851 - 1919) was a Swiss historian. He studied theology and history at Berlin and Zurich under Theodor Mommsen among others. In 1887 he took up the new chair of Swiss history at the Zurich Polytechnikum. From 1893 to 1919 he was professor of history at the University of Zürich. He tried to popularize critical historiography, challenging the legendary traditions about the Swiss national past.The story he tells is not that of a quiet country, famous for its neutrality and internal harmony, placidly unconcerned with the troubles that have long plagued the rest of Europe.The Swiss Confederation is one of the numerous states that arose out of the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire, but it differs from all the rest both in its origin and in its characteristics. Whereas elsewhere the German states owed their origin to princely houses, which had brought together their various domains by inheritance, by marriage, and by conquest, Switzerland grew out of the voluntary union of small communities to form a republican federation of states. In Germany the political obligations which the imperial central government had proved incapable of discharging, fell to the temporal and ecclesiastical princes; but in Switzerland these obligations were taken over by a union of cities and rural districts, the freedom of which was firmly established in the struggle against the dominion of the Habsburgs.However, this mosaic of small, virtually independent states lacked cohesion. There was no thought of a Swiss national identity and states were left to form ad hoc alliances among themselves. Within the states, each community, urban or rural, rich or poor, thought only of its own particular prerogatives and privileges and obstinately fought to preserve them, usually at the expense of the general good. Consequently, Switzerland remained impoverished and politically inept. It's only source of wealth was its highly trained and disciplined mercenaries, feared and respected throughout Europe. The country was able to remain intact only because of its famed neutrality, but the term had a different meaning then -- its soldiers fought on all sides.With the Reformation, came even more discord. Horrible crimes were committed in disputes over such matters as the meanings of the Eucharist and the display of images. The Swiss fought, exiled, mutilated, tortured, and massacred each other by the thousands. The country was not brought out of this medieval nightmare until the influence of the Enlightenment philosophers such as Rousseau and Voltaire began to be felt and the wars of the French Revolution had run their course. It was then that Switzerland emerged as a free, united, and prosperous country admired throughout Europe as the model of an enlightened state.