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| Author | : Adam Wagstaff, Magnus Lindelöw |
| Publisher | : World Bank Publications |
| Total Pages | : 25 |
| Release | : 2005 |
| Genre | : Health insurance |
| ISBN | : |
Download health shocks in china: are the poor and uninsured less protected Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
Abstract: "Health shocks have been shown to have important economic consequences in industrial countries. Less is known about how health shocks affect income, consumption, labor market outcomes, and medical expenditures in middle- and low-income countries. The authors explore these issues in China. In addition to providing new evidence on the general impact of health shocks, they also extend previous work by assessing the extent of risk protection afforded by formal health insurance, and by examining differences in the impact of health shocks between the rich and poor. The authors find that health shocks are associated with a substantial and significant reduction in income and labor supply. There are indications that the impact on income is less important for the insured, possibly because health insurance coverage is also associated with limited sickness insurance, but the effect is not significant. They also find evidence that negative health shocks are associated with an increase in unearned income for the poor but not the non-poor. This effect is however not strong enough to offset the impact on overall income. The loss in income is a consequence of a reduction in labor supply for the head of household, and the authors do not find evidence that other household members compensate by increasing their labor supply. Finally, negative health shocks are associated with a significant increase in out-of-pocket health care expenditures. More surprisingly, there is some evidence that the increase is greater for the insured than the uninsured. The findings suggest that households are exposed to considerable health-related shocks to disposable income, both through loss of income and health expenditures, and that health insurance offers very limited protection."--World Bank web site.
| Author | : Magnus Lindelow |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 25 |
| Release | : 2017 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : |
Download Health Shocks in China Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
Health shocks have been shown to have important economic consequences in industrial countries. Less is known about how health shocks affect income, consumption, labor market outcomes, and medical expenditures in middle- and low-income countries. The authors explore these issues in China. In addition to providing new evidence on the general impact of health shocks, they also extend previous work by assessing the extent of risk protection afforded by formal health insurance, and by examining differences in the impact of health shocks between the rich and poor. The authors find that health shocks are associated with a substantial and significant reduction in income and labor supply. There are indications that the impact on income is less important for the insured, possibly because health insurance coverage is also associated with limited sickness insurance, but the effect is not significant. They also find evidence that negative health shocks are associated with an increase in unearned income for the poor but not the non-poor. This effect is however not strong enough to offset the impact on overall income. The loss in income is a consequence of a reduction in labor supply for the head of household, and the authors do not find evidence that other household members compensate by increasing their labor supply. Finally, negative health shocks are associated with a significant increase in out-of-pocket health care expenditures. More surprisingly, there is some evidence that the increase is greater for the insured than the uninsured. The findings suggest that households are exposed to considerable health-related shocks to disposable income, both through loss of income and health expenditures, and that health insurance offers very limited protection.
| Author | : Magnus Lindelow |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : |
| Release | : 2012 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : |
Download Health Shocks in China Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
Health shocks have been shown to have important economic consequences in industrial countries. Less is known about how health shocks affect income, consumption, labor market outcomes, and medical expenditures in middle- and low-income countries. The authors explore these issues in China. In addition to providing new evidence on the general impact of health shocks, they also extend previous work by assessing the extent of risk protection afforded by formal health insurance, and by examining differences in the impact of health shocks between the rich and poor. The authors find that health shocks are associated with a substantial and significant reduction in income and labor supply. There are indications that the impact on income is less important for the insured, possibly because health insurance coverage is also associated with limited sickness insurance, but the effect is not significant. They also find evidence that negative health shocks are associated with an increase in unearned income for the poor but not the non-poor. This effect is however not strong enough to offset the impact on overall income. The loss in income is a consequence of a reduction in labor supply for the head of household, and the authors do not find evidence that other household members compensate by increasing their labor supply. Finally, negative health shocks are associated with a significant increase in out-of-pocket health care expenditures. More surprisingly, there is some evidence that the increase is greater for the insured than the uninsured. The findings suggest that households are exposed to considerable health-related shocks to disposable income, both through loss of income and health expenditures, and that health insurance offers very limited protection.
| Author | : Li Gan |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 54 |
| Release | : 2006 |
| Genre | : Catastrophic illness |
| ISBN | : |
Download Health Shocks, Village Elections, and Long-term Income Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
Using a sample of households in 48 Chinese villages for the period 1986-2002, this paper studies the dynamic effects of major health shocks on household income and the role played by village elections in mitigating these effects. Our results show that in the first 15 years after a shock, a shock-hit household on average falls short of its normal income trajectory by 11.8% and its recovery would take 19 years. Based on the premise that shock-hit families impose negative externalities on richer families by borrowing from them, our political economy model predicts that the outcome of village elections would differ from that of a standard median voter model in that the elected village leaders tend to adopt pro-poor policies. Our empirical study finds that villages are more likely to establish a healthcare plan after the election is introduced. In addition, village elections reduce the probability of a household to borrow by 16.7% when one of its working adults is seriously sick. As a result, they reduce more than half of the negative effect of a health shock on household income.
| Author | : Institute of Medicine |
| Publisher | : National Academies Press |
| Total Pages | : 376 |
| Release | : 2004-04-26 |
| Genre | : Medical |
| ISBN | : 0309182158 |
Download Learning from SARS Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in late 2002 and 2003 challenged the global public health community to confront a novel epidemic that spread rapidly from its origins in southern China until it had reached more than 25 other countries within a matter of months. In addition to the number of patients infected with the SARS virus, the disease had profound economic and political repercussions in many of the affected regions. Recent reports of isolated new SARS cases and a fear that the disease could reemerge and spread have put public health officials on high alert for any indications of possible new outbreaks. This report examines the response to SARS by public health systems in individual countries, the biology of the SARS coronavirus and related coronaviruses in animals, the economic and political fallout of the SARS epidemic, quarantine law and other public health measures that apply to combating infectious diseases, and the role of international organizations and scientific cooperation in halting the spread of SARS. The report provides an illuminating survey of findings from the epidemic, along with an assessment of what might be needed in order to contain any future outbreaks of SARS or other emerging infections.
| Author | : Jenny Xin Liu |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 340 |
| Release | : 2010 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : |
Download Healthy Time, Home Production, and Labor Supply Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
In the absence of widespread social safety nets during China's economic transition, households were often left to self-insure against the risk of adverse health events. I investigate the impacts of health shocks to oneself and to one's spouse on time contributions to home production activities, which are often overlooked, but may have important opportunity cost, as well as time in market labor. Using six waves of the China Health and Nutrition Survey (1991 - 2006), I estimate the short-run effect of a health shock--defined as a transition from non-poor self-reported health status to poor health status--on hours per day spent in home production and market work. Results show that experiencing a negative health shock corresponds with about a 1.5 hour per day reduction in market time for men and the elderly. Decomposing the labor supply decision into participation and conditional hours shows that much of the reduction in hours is due to a 10 percentage point increase in the likelihood of dropping out of the labor force. A health shock also reduces the likelihood of continuing home production by 4 percentage points for all people. When spouses become ill, market labor time increases for employed individuals, driven by a significant 2 percentage point increase in the likelihood of continuing to work for both husbands and wives. Men also significantly increase home production by 0.5 hours per day when wives become sick and total household production time is unaffected. However, when husbands suffer health problems, wives are more likely to continue working by 5 percentage points, but it is not enough to offset the loss in the husband's market time and total household market time significantly declines by 2.3 hours per day. Large reductions in total household production time are also observed for poorer households, those of the elderly and of private sector workers, which suggests some benefits to weathering health shocks associated with household savings and employment in state-owned enterprises and collectives. Given that individuals spend an average of 9.2 hours in market labor and 2.7 hours in home production each day if they participate in both activities, these effects on market labor hours may also be economically significant while the smaller effects on home production time may be substantively less important. Implications for social welfare policies are discussed.
| Author | : Phil Brown |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : |
| Release | : 2012 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : |
Download Can Health Insurance Mitigate Shocks to Consumption? Evidence from China Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
Households in developing countries are more susceptible to risk than households in developed countries (Bardhan and Udry, 2001): because insurance markets tend to be underdeveloped or non-existent, households that experience economic shocks tend to either draw down their asset base, leading to asset-based poverty traps (Carter and Barrett, 2005), or decrease their consumption. In this paper, we analyze whether China's New Rural Cooperative Medical System (NCMS) has affected the way that rural Chinese households deal with economic shocks. The NCMS is intended to protect China's 800 million farmers from catastrophic health shocks by providing baseline coverage. Introduced in 2002, the program is being made available in more counties each year to meet a goal of national coverage by 2010. The program is voluntary, although households pay a nominal fee to participate. Our recently-collected data from 1500 rural households in two Chinese provinces include three important advantages. First, households were chosen from the National Bureau of Statistics sampling frame, so detailed consumption data are available over time. Second, the survey includes detailed information about health shocks over the past year. Third, survey respondents include households who participate in the NCMS program, those that choose not to participate, and those who are unable to participate because they live in counties that have not yet introduced NCMS programs. Using propensity score matching, we assess the extent to which NCMS participation mitigates health shocks to consumption.
| Author | : Isabella M. Weber |
| Publisher | : Routledge |
| Total Pages | : 256 |
| Release | : 2021-05-26 |
| Genre | : Business & Economics |
| ISBN | : 042995395X |
Download How China Escaped Shock Therapy Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
China has become deeply integrated into the world economy. Yet, gradual marketization has facilitated the country’s rise without leading to its wholesale assimilation to global neoliberalism. This book uncovers the fierce contest about economic reforms that shaped China’s path. In the first post-Mao decade, China’s reformers were sharply divided. They agreed that China had to reform its economic system and move toward more marketization—but struggled over how to go about it. Should China destroy the core of the socialist system through shock therapy, or should it use the institutions of the planned economy as market creators? With hindsight, the historical record proves the high stakes behind the question: China embarked on an economic expansion commonly described as unprecedented in scope and pace, whereas Russia’s economy collapsed under shock therapy. Based on extensive research, including interviews with key Chinese and international participants and World Bank officials as well as insights gleaned from unpublished documents, the book charts the debate that ultimately enabled China to follow a path to gradual reindustrialization. Beyond shedding light on the crossroads of the 1980s, it reveals the intellectual foundations of state-market relations in reform-era China through a longue durée lens. Overall, the book delivers an original perspective on China’s economic model and its continuing contestations from within and from without.
| Author | : Y-Ling Chi |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : |
| Release | : 2016 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : |
Download Beyond Medical Expenditure Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
| Author | : National Research Council |
| Publisher | : National Academies Press |
| Total Pages | : 486 |
| Release | : 2012-07-31 |
| Genre | : Social Science |
| ISBN | : 0309254094 |
Download Aging in Asia Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
The population of Asia is growing both larger and older. Demographically the most important continent on the world, Asia's population, currently estimated to be 4.2 billion, is expected to increase to about 5.9 billion by 2050. Rapid declines in fertility, together with rising life expectancy, are altering the age structure of the population so that in 2050, for the first time in history, there will be roughly as many people in Asia over the age of 65 as under the age of 15. It is against this backdrop that the Division of Behavioral and Social Research at the U.S. National Institute on Aging (NIA) asked the National Research Council (NRC), through the Committee on Population, to undertake a project on advancing behavioral and social research on aging in Asia. Aging in Asia: Findings from New and Emerging Data Initiatives is a peer-reviewed collection of papers from China, India, Indonesia, Japan, and Thailand that were presented at two conferences organized in conjunction with the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Indian National Science Academy, Indonesian Academy of Sciences, and Science Council of Japan; the first conference was hosted by the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences in Beijing, and the second conference was hosted by the Indian National Science Academy in New Delhi. The papers in the volume highlight the contributions from new and emerging data initiatives in the region and cover subject areas such as economic growth, labor markets, and consumption; family roles and responsibilities; and labor markets and consumption.
