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| Author | : Han Sang Yi |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 192 |
| Release | : 2006 |
| Genre | : Corporations |
| ISBN | : |
| Author | : Han Sang Yi |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 93 |
| Release | : 2000 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : 9780542910388 |
| Author | : Yun Cheng |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 96 |
| Release | : 2014 |
| Genre | : Capital productivity |
| ISBN | : |
I examine how managerial reputation affects the quality of non-GAAP earnings disclosures and how the market reacts to non-GAAP earnings disclosures associated with managerial reputation. Although there was an initial dip in the frequency of non-GAAP earnings disclosures after SOX and Regulation G, the frequency of non-GAAP earnings disclosures has increased in recent years (Brown, Christensen, Elliott and Mergenthaler 2012). Motivated by the efficient contracting theory and managerial reputation incentives, I investigate whether reputable managers are associated with higher quality non-GAAP earnings disclosures. I also investigate whether the market is more responsive to non-GAAP earnings disclosed by reputable managers. Using empirical models modified from prior research, I find that reputable managers are less likely to disclose non-GAAP earnings, which is consistent with the efficient contracting explanation. I also find that reputable managers exclude more recurring items that are related to future operating earnings when they disclose non-GAAP earnings, which is consistent with the rent extraction explanation in prior research. Finally, I find that managerial reputation has an incremental effect on the market reaction and that the market is more responsive to non-GAAP earnings disclosed by reputable managers if the unexpected earnings are positive. The study contributes to both non-GAAP earnings disclosures literature and managerial reputation incentives literature. It also has implications for investors, managers, and regulators.
| Author | : Jeff Coulton |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : |
| Release | : 2016-11-24 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : 9780994369734 |
| Author | : David Bond |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 26 |
| Release | : 2017 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : |
This study examines the impact of Regulation G in 2003 and the issuance of Compliance and Disclosure Interpretations (C&DIs) in 2010 - on the reporting of non-GAAP earnings. The study finds that (i) both Regulation G and C&DIs are associated with an increase in the quality of non-GAAP earnings exclusions (i.e. the exclusions are more transitory and have less predictive power for future operating earnings); (ii) Regulation G led to a decrease in the amount of total positive exclusions used to meet or beat analysts' forecasts, but C&DIs partially reversed this result; and (iii) Regulation G increases, and C&DIs decrease, the earnings response coefficients (ERCs).
| Author | : Lori L. Epping |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 248 |
| Release | : 2009 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : |
Abstract: The increasing presence of foreign listings on U.S. exchanges provides additional investment opportunities but also increases the need for an understanding of the risks and rewards associated with these investments. The purpose of this study is to observe the extent to which U.S.-listed foreign firms report non-GAAP financial performance measures and to compare the characteristics of these disclosures to those of U.S. firms. The information provided by non-GAAP financial performance measures, as reported in press releases, has the potential to influence investor perceptions of firm performance in a misleading manner. Using a matched-sample design, this research compares U.S.-listed foreign firm and U.S. firm non-GAAP financial performance disclosure frequency, non-GAAP disclosure adjustment characteristics, reconciliation quality, and strategic non-GAAP disclosures. Tests of the hypotheses indicate similar disclosure frequencies for U.S. firms and U.S.-listed foreign firms. In addition, non-GAAP disclosure and adjustment characteristics that proxy intent to influence investor perceptions of firm performance are examined. Analyses of these disclosure characteristics provides evidence consistent with the interpretation that U.S. firms engage in aggressive non-GAAP reporting behaviors (providing disclosures to influence investor perceptions of firm performance in a misleading manner) equally or more so than U.S.-listed foreign firms. U.S. firms make larger adjustments to GAAP earnings to arrive at non-GAAP earnings than do U.S.-listed foreign firms. Similarly, U.S. firms make a higher number of adjustments to GAAP earnings to arrive at non-GAAP earnings than do U.S.-listed foreign firms. However, the likelihood of reporting income-increasing adjustments and the ratio of recurring adjustments to total adjustments were not found to be different for U.S. firms and U.S.-listed foreign firms. Inconsistent with this result is the finding that the quality of U.S. firm reconciliations is equal to or greater than that of U.S.-listed foreign firms. Investor protection, through a country's legal system and regulatory environment, impacts reporting behaviors. Regulation G addresses reconciliation quality, yet allows limited compliance exceptions for foreign registrants. Consequently, it appears that U.S. firms provide reconciliations of equal or greater quality than U.S.-listed foreign firms. Other non-GAAP disclosure behaviors lack regulation. Without regulation, it appears that U.S. firms show more signs of aggressive non-GAAP disclosure behavior than U.S.-listed foreign firms.
| Author | : Xiaojie Christine Sun |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 194 |
| Release | : 2015 |
| Genre | : Accounting |
| ISBN | : |
Chapter 1 provides empirical evidence that auditors may play a role in the disclosure of non-GAAP earnings. Using non-GAAP earnings disclosures hand-collected from firms' annual press releases, I find that firms are more likely to disclose non-GAAP earnings if their auditors are industry experts. Furthermore, firms with these high quality auditors report low quality non-GAAP exclusions in their reconciliation to GAAP income/loss. I interpret these results as suggesting that managers are more likely to opportunistically disclose non-GAAP earnings when they have high quality auditors. However, I do not find a significant association between auditor quality and the likelihood of non-GAAP earnings meeting or beating financial benchmarks. Taken together, my results suggest a negative relationship between auditor quality and non-GAAP earnings quality, in contrast to the positive effects of auditor quality on GAAP earnings documented in prior literature. These findings contribute to the literature on audit quality and non-GAAP earnings, as well as to the regulatory discussion of whether non-GAAP earnings should be audited. Chapter 2 investigates the characteristics of actual, disclosed non-GAAP exclusions. My results indicate that three categories of exclusions that increase non-GAAP earnings, impairment expenses, loss, mark-down, and mark-offs, and other exclusions that increase non-GAAP earnings, are associated with the next period's operating income, indicating that these exclusions are of low quality or may be opportunistic. However, stock-based compensation, amortization expenses, and restructuring costs excluded from non-GAAP earnings do not predict future operating income and therefore are one-time high-quality exclusions. I find no consistent results on the persistence of exclusions that decrease non-GAAP earnings (i.e. gains). These results contribute to the literature by providing the first empirical evidence on the quality of actual non-GAAP exclusions disclosed by companies. Next, I extend the analyses in Chapter 1, finding that high-quality auditors are negatively related to the quality of non-GAAP increasing exclusions. However, I do not find evidence that firms with high-quality auditors are more likely to use non-GAAP increasing exclusions to meet or beat financial benchmarks, further supporting the results presented in Chapter 1.
| Author | : Dongfang Nie |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 86 |
| Release | : 2019 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : |
This dissertation investigates the interrelationships between a client's non-GAAP earnings disclosures, financial health (profit and loss status), and the external auditor's assessment of the client's going concern status. This dissertation comprises two essays. Essay 1 examines the informativeness and the quality of non-GAAP earnings disclosures in profit and loss firms separately. Using a large sample of non-GAAP earnings voluntarily disclosed by managers, I find that the informativeness and the quality of non-GAAP earnings vary in firms cross-classified by GAAP loss status and non-GAAP loss status. I also find that loss firms have higher quality non-GAAP exclusions relative to profit firms, although the expenses excluded by both profit and loss firms are associated with firms' future performance. Further, I posit and find that profit firms which voluntarily disclose non-GAAP losses have high-quality exclusions, while other non-GAAP reporting profit firms have low-quality exclusions. Having found that non-GAAP earnings in loss firms is opportunistic to some extent, I next study, in Essay 2, whether auditors understand the implications of low-quality non-GAAP reporting in these firms. Specifically, I examine 1) whether non-GAAP earnings disclosures are associated with the propensity of the auditor's going concern issuance to loss firms, and 2) whether non-GAAP earnings disclosures affect the accuracy of the auditor's going concern assessment. This is important because auditors often conduct audits of loss firms that disclose non-GAAP earnings, and the consequences of issuing wrong audit opinions can be severe. I find that the propensity of the auditor's going concern issuance is negatively associated with the magnitude of expense exclusions in loss firms, after controlling for determinants of going concern opinions that are derived from GAAP earnings. This finding suggests that auditors take into account information embedded in non-GAAP earnings when assessing clients' going concern status. Using bankruptcy outcome as a benchmark, I find that non-GAAP earnings disclosures could increase type II errors in auditors' going concern reporting. I further find that small size auditors and non-specialist auditors are more likely to be misled by non-GAAP reporting when making going concern decisions. In sum, my dissertation furthers our understanding of non-GAAP reporting and its implication for auditors' decision making for issuing going concern opinions.
| Author | : Linda Campbell |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : |
| Release | : 2017 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : |
This study examines the determinants of emphasis on non-GAAP disclosures in the earnings announcements of small cap companies. Two proxies of non-GAAP information emphasis are investigated -- placement of the first non-GAAP disclosure and placement of the non-GAAP to GAAP reconciliation required by Regulation G. Using hand-collected data from fourth quarter press releases, we find evidence indicating that small cap firms place a higher level of emphasis on non-GAAP financial measures when GAAP earnings suggest lower value-relevance and when their shares are owned by a higher proportion of institutional investors. We also find that small cap companies decrease the level of emphasis placed on non-GAAP information as their listing tenure increases.
| Author | : Andrea Ribeiro |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 47 |
| Release | : 2018 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : |
Using a large sample of earnings press releases by Australian firms, we compare multiple attributes of non-GAAP earnings measures with their closest GAAP equivalent. We find that, on average, non-GAAP earnings are more persistent, smoother, more value-relevant, and have higher predictive power than their closest GAAP equivalent. However, the same set of non-GAAP earnings disclosures are also less conservative and less timely than their closest GAAP equivalent. The results are consistent with non-GAAP earnings measures reflecting a reversal of the trade-off between the valuation and stewardship roles of accounting inherent in accounting standards and the way they are applied. We also find that differences in several of these attributes between GAAP and non-GAAP earnings are more evident in larger firms, firms with lower market-to-book ratios, firms with a higher proportion of independent directors and firms that report profits rather than losses. Our evidence is consistent with the argument that accounting standards impose significant amounts of conditional conservatism at some cost to the valuation role of accounting information. Non-GAAP earnings measures can therefore be seen as a response to the challenges faced by a single GAAP performance measure in satisfying the competing demands of value relevance and stewardship.
