Free Mulatto
Author | : John Baptista Philip |
Publisher | : |
Total Pages | : 96 |
Release | : 1996 |
Genre | : History |
ISBN | : |
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Author | : John Baptista Philip |
Publisher | : |
Total Pages | : 96 |
Release | : 1996 |
Genre | : History |
ISBN | : |
Author | : Edward Byron Reuter |
Publisher | : |
Total Pages | : 436 |
Release | : 1918 |
Genre | : Indians of North America |
ISBN | : |
Author | : |
Publisher | : Ardent Media |
Total Pages | : 416 |
Release | : |
Genre | : |
ISBN | : |
Author | : Margaret Peckham Motes |
Publisher | : Genealogical Publishing Com |
Total Pages | : 264 |
Release | : 2000 |
Genre | : African Americans |
ISBN | : 0806350261 |
A listing from the 1850 census of approximately 8,160 free blacks and mulattos between the ages of 1 month and 112 years, providing name, age, sex, occupation, color, place of birth, household and dwelling number, and county.
Author | : Edward Byron Reuter |
Publisher | : |
Total Pages | : 426 |
Release | : 1918 |
Genre | : Indians of North America |
ISBN | : |
Author | : Warren Eugene Milteer Jr. |
Publisher | : LSU Press |
Total Pages | : 294 |
Release | : 2020-07-01 |
Genre | : History |
ISBN | : 0807173789 |
In North Carolina’s Free People of Color, 1715–1885, Warren Eugene Milteer Jr. examines the lives of free persons categorized by their communities as “negroes,” “mulattoes,” “mustees,” “Indians,” “mixed-bloods,” or simply “free people of color.” From the colonial period through Reconstruction, lawmakers passed legislation that curbed the rights and privileges of these non-enslaved residents, from prohibiting their testimony against whites to barring them from the ballot box. While such laws suggest that most white North Carolinians desired to limit the freedoms and civil liberties enjoyed by free people of color, Milteer reveals that the two groups often interacted—praying together, working the same land, and occasionally sharing households and starting families. Some free people of color also rose to prominence in their communities, becoming successful businesspeople and winning the respect of their white neighbors. Milteer’s innovative study moves beyond depictions of the American South as a region controlled by a strict racial hierarchy. He contends that although North Carolinians frequently sorted themselves into races imbued with legal and social entitlements—with whites placing themselves above persons of color—those efforts regularly clashed with their concurrent recognition of class, gender, kinship, and occupational distinctions. Whites often determined the position of free nonwhites by designating them as either valuable or expendable members of society. In early North Carolina, free people of color of certain statuses enjoyed access to institutions unavailable even to some whites. Prior to 1835, for instance, some free men of color possessed the right to vote while the law disenfranchised all women, white and nonwhite included. North Carolina’s Free People of Color, 1715–1885 demonstrates that conceptions of race were complex and fluid, defying easy characterization. Despite the reductive labels often assigned to them by whites, free people of color in the state emerged from an array of backgrounds, lived widely varied lives, and created distinct cultures—all of which, Milteer suggests, allowed them to adjust to and counter ever-evolving forms of racial discrimination.
Author | : Léo Elisabeth |
Publisher | : |
Total Pages | : 118 |
Release | : 1970* |
Genre | : Blacks |
ISBN | : |
Author | : |
Publisher | : Ardent Media |
Total Pages | : 420 |
Release | : |
Genre | : |
ISBN | : |
Author | : Leonard Richard Lempel |
Publisher | : |
Total Pages | : 366 |
Release | : 1982 |
Genre | : Miscegenation |
ISBN | : |
Author | : Eva Sheppard Wolf |
Publisher | : University of Georgia Press |
Total Pages | : 191 |
Release | : 2012-06-01 |
Genre | : History |
ISBN | : 0820343641 |
In Almost Free, Eva Sheppard Wolf uses the story of Samuel Johnson, a free black man from Virginia attempting to free his family, to add detail and depth to our understanding of the lives of free blacks in the South. There were several paths to freedom for slaves, each of them difficult. After ten years of elaborate dealings and negotiations, Johnson earned manumission in August 1812. An illiterate “mulatto” who had worked at the tavern in Warrenton as a slave, Johnson as a freeman was an anomaly, since free blacks made up only 3 percent of Virginia’s population. Johnson stayed in Fauquier County and managed to buy his enslaved family, but the law of the time required that they leave Virginia if Johnson freed them. Johnson opted to stay. Because slaves’ marriages had no legal standing, Johnson was not legally married to his enslaved wife, and in the event of his death his family would be sold to new owners. Johnson’s story dramatically illustrates the many harsh realities and cruel ironies faced by blacks in a society hostile to their freedom. Wolf argues that despite the many obstacles Johnson and others faced, race relations were more flexible during the early American republic than is commonly believed. It could actually be easier for a free black man to earn the favor of elite whites than it would be for blacks in general in the post-Reconstruction South. Wolf demonstrates the ways in which race was constructed by individuals in their day-to-day interactions, arguing that racial status was not simply a legal fact but a fluid and changeable condition. Almost Free looks beyond the majority experience, focusing on those at society’s edges to gain a deeper understanding of the meaning of freedom in the slaveholding South. A Sarah Mills Hodge Fund Publication