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| Author | : Jorge Alvarez |
| Publisher | : International Monetary Fund |
| Total Pages | : 59 |
| Release | : 2017-12-14 |
| Genre | : Business & Economics |
| ISBN | : 1484333039 |
Download Firms and the Decline in Earnings Inequality in Brazil Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
We document a large decrease in earnings inequality in Brazil between 1996 and 2012. Using administrative linked employer-employee data, we fit high-dimensional worker and firm fixed effects models to understand the sources of this decrease. Firm effects account for 40 percent of the total decrease and worker effects for 29 percent. Changes in observable worker and firm characteristics contributed little to these trends. Instead, the decrease is primarily due to a compression of returns to these characteristics, particularly a declining firm productivity pay premium. Our results shed light on potential drivers of earnings inequality dynamics.
| Author | : Jorge Alvarez |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 60 |
| Release | : 2019 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : |
Download Firms and the Decline in Earnings Inequality in Brazil Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
We document a large decrease in earnings inequality in Brazil between 1996 and 2012.Using administrative linked employer-employee data, we fit high-dimensional worker and firm fixed effects models to understand the sources of this decrease. Firm effects account for40 percent of the total decrease and worker effects for 29 percent. Changes in observable worker and firm characteristics contributed little to these trends. Instead, the decrease isprimarily due to a compression of returns to these characteristics, particularly a declining firm productivity pay premium. Our results shed light on potential drivers of earnings inequality dynamics.
| Author | : Niklas Engbom |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 0 |
| Release | : 2021 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : |
Download Earnings Inequality and the Minimum Wage Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
We show that a rise in the minimum wage accounts for a large decline in earnings inequality in Brazil since 1994. To this end, we combine rich administrative and survey data with an equilibrium model of the Brazilian labor market. Our results imply that the minimum wage has far-reaching spillover effects on wages higher up in the distribution, accounting for one-third of the 25.9 log point fall in the variance of log earnings in Brazil since 1994. At the same time, the minimum wage's effects on employment and output are muted by reallocation of workers toward more productive firms.
| Author | : Carlos Góes |
| Publisher | : International Monetary Fund |
| Total Pages | : 34 |
| Release | : 2017-10-31 |
| Genre | : Business & Economics |
| ISBN | : 1484324773 |
Download Inequality in Brazil: A Regional Perspective Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
In this study, we document the decline in income inequality and a convergence in consumption patterns in Brazilian states in a new database constructed from micro data from the national households’ survey. We adjust the state-Gini coefficients for spatial price differences using information on households’ rental prices available in the survey. In a panel regression framework, we find that labor income growth, formalization, and schooling contributed to the decline in inequality during 2004-14, but redistributive policies, such as Bolsa Família, have also played a positive role. Going forward, it will be important to phase out untargeted subsidies, such as public spending on tertiary education, and contain growth of public sector wages, to improve budgetary efficiency and protect gains in equality.
| Author | : Felipe Benguria |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 56 |
| Release | : 2015 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : |
Download Inequality Between and Within Firms Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
Using a linked employer-employee census for Brazil, this paper studies the relative importance of inequality between and within firms in explaining both levels and changes over time in overall earnings inequality. During the 1999-2013 period, the sharp decline in overall inequality in Brazil has been driven mostly by a drop in between-firm inequality. Within-firm inequality has only fallen slightly, increasing its share in overall inequality to about 44 percent by the end of this period. Estimating an earnings model that decomposes wages into worker and firm fixed effects, I find that between-firm inequality in the cross-section is explained mostly (57%) by variation across firms in the worker fixed effects. The change in between-firm inequality over this period is explained primarily by variation in the worker fixed effects, but the variation in firm fixed effects is almost as important.
| Author | : Jorge Alvarez |
| Publisher | : International Monetary Fund |
| Total Pages | : 59 |
| Release | : 2017-12-14 |
| Genre | : Business & Economics |
| ISBN | : 1484333470 |
Download Firms and the Decline in Earnings Inequality in Brazil Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
We document a large decrease in earnings inequality in Brazil between 1996 and 2012. Using administrative linked employer-employee data, we fit high-dimensional worker and firm fixed effects models to understand the sources of this decrease. Firm effects account for 40 percent of the total decrease and worker effects for 29 percent. Changes in observable worker and firm characteristics contributed little to these trends. Instead, the decrease is primarily due to a compression of returns to these characteristics, particularly a declining firm productivity pay premium. Our results shed light on potential drivers of earnings inequality dynamics.
| Author | : International Monetary Fund |
| Publisher | : International Monetary Fund |
| Total Pages | : 36 |
| Release | : 2021-03-05 |
| Genre | : Business & Economics |
| ISBN | : 1513571648 |
Download The Short-Term Impact of COVID-19 on Labor Markets, Poverty and Inequality in Brazil Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
We document the short-term impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Brazilian labor market focusing on employment, wages and hours worked using the nationally representative household surveys PNAD-Continua and PNAD COVID. Sectors most susceptible to the shock because they are more contact-intensive and less teleworkable, such as construction, domestic services and hospitality, suffered large job losses and reductions in hours. Given low income workers experienced the largest decline in earnings, extreme poverty and the Gini coefficient based on labor income increased by around 9.2 and 5 percentage points, respectively, due to the immediate shock. The government’s broad based, temporary Emergency Aid transfer program more than offset the labor income losses for the bottom four deciles, however, such that poverty relative to the pre-COVID baseline fell. At a cost of around 4 percent of GDP in 2020 such support is not fiscally sustainable beyond the short-term and ended in late 2020. The challenge will be to avoid a sharp increase in poverty and inequality if the labor market does not pick up sufficiently fast in 2021.
| Author | : Carlos Gradín |
| Publisher | : Oxford University Press |
| Total Pages | : 373 |
| Release | : 2021 |
| Genre | : Business & Economics |
| ISBN | : 0198863969 |
Download Inequality in the Developing World Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
Inequality has emerged as a key development challenge. It holds implications for economic growth and redistribution and translates into power asymmetries that can endanger human rights, create conflict, and embed social exclusion and chronic poverty. For these reasons, it underpins intense public and academic debates and has become a dominant policy concern within many countries and in all multilateral agencies. It is at the core of the 17 goals of the UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. This book contributes to this important discussion by presenting assessments of the measurement and analysis of global inequality by leading inequality scholars, aligning these to comprehensive reviews of inequality trends in five of the world's largest developing countries - Brazil, China, India, Mexico, and South Africa.
| Author | : Niklas Engbom |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 55 |
| Release | : 2021 |
| Genre | : Income distribution |
| ISBN | : |
Download Earnings Inequality and Dynamics in the Presence of Informality Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
Using rich administrative and household survey data, we document a series of new facts on earnings inequality and dynamics in a developing country with a large informal sector: Brazil. Since the mid-1990s, both inequality and volatility of earnings have declined significantly in Brazil's formal sector. Higher-order moments of the distribution of earnings innovations show cyclical movements in Brazil that are similar to those in developed countries like the US. Earnings mobility is comparatively high, especially at the bottom of the distribution. Compared with those in the formal sector, earnings in the informal sector are more volatile. Workers who switch between sectors experience earnings innovations that have a positive mean and are positively skewed when moving to the formal sector but have a negative mean and are negatively skewed when moving to the informal sector. Since the early 2000s, a secular shift of employment toward the less volatile formal sector has contributed to a decline in the economy-wide volatility of earnings.
| Author | : Sergio Firpo |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 38 |
| Release | : 2019 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : |
Download Decline In Wage Inequality In Brazil Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
In the last decades, Brazil experienced a historical decline in its wage inequality level, particularly in the first decade of the 21st century. This paper reviews the literature that attempted to explain the observed pattern. It considers mechanisms related to the supply and demand for labor, as well as institutional factors. The paper argues that the favorable economic environment in the period, combined with increases in the minimum wage, higher formalization, and a larger supply of skilled workers led to a compression in wages. However, some aspects of the decline in wage inequality are still unanswered, such as the causes behind a reduction in the experience premium and interfirm payment heterogeneity, as well as the exact role of technological changes. The paper concludes by discussing future trends in wage inequality in Brazil.
