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Gaze-Following

Gaze-Following
Author: Ross Flom
Publisher: Psychology Press
Total Pages: 335
Release: 2017-09-25
Genre: Psychology
ISBN: 1351566016

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What does a child’s ability to look where another is looking tell us about his or her early cognitive development? What does this ability—or lack thereof—tell us about a child’s language development, understanding of other’s intentions, and the emergence of autism? This volume assembles several years of research on the processing of gaze information and its relationship to early social-cognitive development in infants spanning many age groups. Gaze-Following examines how humans and non-human primates use another individual’s direction of gaze to learn about the world around them. The chapters throughout this volume address development in areas including joint attention, early non-verbal social interactions, language development, and theory of mind understanding. Offering novel insights regarding the significance of gaze-following, the editors present research from a neurological and a behavioral perspective, and compare children with and without pervasive developmental disorders. Scholars in the areas of cognitive development specifically, and developmental science more broadly, as well as clinical psychologists will be interested in the intriguing research presented in this volume.


Joint Attention

Joint Attention
Author: Chris Moore
Publisher: Psychology Press
Total Pages: 295
Release: 2014-03-05
Genre: Psychology
ISBN: 1317781074

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It is perhaps no exaggeration to suggest that all of what is intrinsically human experience is grounded in its shared nature. Joint attention to objects and events in the world provides the initial means whereby infants can start to share experiences with others and negotiate shared meanings. It provides a context for the development of both knowledge about the world and about others as experiencers. It plays a central role in the development of the young child's understanding of both the social and nonsocial worlds and in the development of the communicative interplay between child and adult. The first devoted to this important topic, this volume explores how joint attention first arises, its developmental course, its role in communication and social understanding, and the ways in which disruptions in joint attention may be implicated in a variety of forms of abnormal development including autism.


Theories of Infant Development

Theories of Infant Development
Author: J. Gavin Bremner
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
Total Pages: 400
Release: 2008-04-15
Genre: Psychology
ISBN: 0470752173

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This volume provides an authoritative survey of all the major theories of infant development. An authoritative survey of major theoretical issues in infant development. Written by leading scholars in the field of infancy. Each chapter either presents a distinct theoretical approach to infant development or reviews contrasting theories in a specific subfield. Pays particular attention to current theoretical controversies. Contributors include Eugene Goldfield, Andy Meltzoff, Marinus van Ijzendoorn, Mark Johnson and Annette Karmiloff-Smith, among others.


Autism and Joint Attention

Autism and Joint Attention
Author: Peter C. Mundy
Publisher: Guilford Publications
Total Pages: 369
Release: 2016-03-01
Genre: Psychology
ISBN: 1462525091

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From a preeminent researcher, this book looks at the key role of joint attention in both typical and atypical development. Peter C. Mundy shows that no other symptom dimension is more strongly linked to early identification and treatment of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). He synthesizes a wealth of knowledge on how joint attention develops, its neurocognitive underpinnings, and how it helps to explain the learning, language, and social-cognitive features of ASD across the lifespan. Clinical implications are explored, including reviews of cutting-edge diagnostic methods and targeted treatment approaches.


Attention in Early Development

Attention in Early Development
Author: Holly Alliger Ruff
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Total Pages: 314
Release: 2001-05-03
Genre: Psychology
ISBN: 9780195350456

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1. Introduction. 2. Constructs and Measures. 3. Looking and Visual Attention: Overview and Developmental Framework. 4. Scanning, Searching, and Shifting Attention. 5. Development of Selectivity. 6. Development of Attention as a State. 7. Focused Visual Attention and Resistance to Distraction. 8. Increasing Independence in the Control of Attention. 9. Attention in Learning and Performance. 10. Individual Differences in Attention. 11. Early Manifestations of Attention Deficits. 12. Individuality and Development. 13. Recapitulation. References. Author Index. Subject Index


Parenting Matters

Parenting Matters
Author: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
Publisher: National Academies Press
Total Pages: 525
Release: 2016-11-21
Genre: Social Science
ISBN: 0309388570

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Decades of research have demonstrated that the parent-child dyad and the environment of the familyâ€"which includes all primary caregiversâ€"are at the foundation of children's well- being and healthy development. From birth, children are learning and rely on parents and the other caregivers in their lives to protect and care for them. The impact of parents may never be greater than during the earliest years of life, when a child's brain is rapidly developing and when nearly all of her or his experiences are created and shaped by parents and the family environment. Parents help children build and refine their knowledge and skills, charting a trajectory for their health and well-being during childhood and beyond. The experience of parenting also impacts parents themselves. For instance, parenting can enrich and give focus to parents' lives; generate stress or calm; and create any number of emotions, including feelings of happiness, sadness, fulfillment, and anger. Parenting of young children today takes place in the context of significant ongoing developments. These include: a rapidly growing body of science on early childhood, increases in funding for programs and services for families, changing demographics of the U.S. population, and greater diversity of family structure. Additionally, parenting is increasingly being shaped by technology and increased access to information about parenting. Parenting Matters identifies parenting knowledge, attitudes, and practices associated with positive developmental outcomes in children ages 0-8; universal/preventive and targeted strategies used in a variety of settings that have been effective with parents of young children and that support the identified knowledge, attitudes, and practices; and barriers to and facilitators for parents' use of practices that lead to healthy child outcomes as well as their participation in effective programs and services. This report makes recommendations directed at an array of stakeholders, for promoting the wide-scale adoption of effective programs and services for parents and on areas that warrant further research to inform policy and practice. It is meant to serve as a roadmap for the future of parenting policy, research, and practice in the United States.


Exploring Developmental Psychology

Exploring Developmental Psychology
Author: Margaret Harris
Publisher: SAGE
Total Pages: 361
Release: 2008-01-18
Genre: Psychology
ISBN: 1849202435

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`This is a beautifully written account of the most important ways in which developmental psychologists go about their business, illustrated with carefully chosen articles which are carefully described in order to make the designs, methodologies, analysis and interpretation of the results readily accessible to a non-expert readership. This will become the preferred textbook for those who want an up-to-date, interesting and accessible introduction to developmental psychology research′ - Alan Slater, University of Exeter A wide range of techniques is used to investigate children′s development. This book, which is aimed at advanced undergraduates and postgraduate students in psychology and related areas, provides a guide to key theories and methods used by researchers. Carefully chosen articles are accompanied by a commentary from the author that, among other things, helps students to understand the rationale for a study, the choice of design and assessment measures, use of statistics and the interpretation of results. A wide range of recent research papers is included to cover observational and experimental methods from infancy to adolescence. The research papers are introduced by two chapters that consider the relationship between theory and methods, explaining how models of development differ from one another and how they can be tested through experimental studies.


5- and 8-month Olds' Visual Exploration of 2D Scenes

5- and 8-month Olds' Visual Exploration of 2D Scenes
Author: Yu Guan
Publisher:
Total Pages: 115
Release: 2013
Genre: Attention in infants
ISBN:

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How infants visually explore complex scenes containing objects varying in size, depth cues, and amount of detail is still an open question. When infants are presented with a complex scene, we do not know which dimensions of the scene are more likely to catch their attention first, and which are more likely to sustain their looking duration the most. This study aimed to investigate how infants' explore 2D displays containing different combinations of object size, depth cues, and detail. In experiment 1, forty infants (twenty of 5 months old and twenty of 8 months old) were presented with stimuli containing different combinations of object sizes, linear perspective depth cues, and details. In experiment 2, another twenty infants (ten of 5 months old and ten of 8 months old) were presented with stimuli with the detail removed from the objects. An eye-tracker was used to examine: 1) the location and latency of first look, and 2) the look duration on each object. Results showed that the first look data were consistent with prior studies (e.g. Cohen, 1972; Guan & Corbetta, 2012) revealing that when the objects were of different sizes, infants first directed their visual attention to the large object in the scene despite other information. When objects sizes were identical, infants directed their attention first to the object with details. Look duration data showed that the object size was also the main factor holding infants' attention, but it interacted with object detail and background depth cues. For instance, when detail was added to the large object, infants sustained their attention longer to that object than when no detail was present. In sum, the current study showed that object size had priority in catching and holding infants' visual attention. However, when size was controlled, detail became the attention getter. Adding detail to the object might increase the power of object size to hold infants' attention. Depth cue did not catch or hold infants' attention when size and detail were present in the scene. Thus, there might be a hierarchy order between size, detail, and depth cue on infants' visual attention.