Facial Hair And The Performance Of Early Modern Masculinity PDF Download

This dissertation argues that the beard was primarily an economic signifier of gender and status in productions by troupes of boys in early modern England and that it signified both in its presence and in its absence. I set out to show that facial hair was popularly imagined to be a naturally occurring signifier of privileged masculinity, that the early modern English beard was regulated and therefore essentially prosthetic, and that masculinity itself was economically constituted. My premise, then, is that the early modern English beard acquired a cultural and economic value that was informed by the ideological freight that it carried and that in performance it gestured toward a complex interplay among masculinity, theatricality, and economics. In my examination of the ways in which beardedness came to represent English masculinity in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries in England, I consider the ways in which the beard signified in early Tudor England as a marker of racial differentiation, how beardlessness became iconographic of the sodomite in sixteenth-century depictions of the New World, and how Henry VIII's exchange of the image of his reputedly golden beard effectively replaced the actual gold in the coins minted in 1544. I examine the use of the prosthetic beard by children's troupes in early modern England and assert that in productions where the actors were exclusively boys, beards literally created masculinity. I also suggest that early modern English boy companies may have been in some small part responsible for the perceived stability of facial hair as a signifier of privileged masculinity. I consider the preservation and excision of beards from classical models for two early modern English interludes performed by boys, the homoerotic implications of the smooth-faced catamite and parasite in non-dramatic and dramatic texts, the parodic beard as manifested on the face of the braggart soldier, the beard's relationship to patriarchal privilege and primogeniture, the extent to which the beard's significance changes or remains consistent as the socio-economic system in which it inheres undergoes change, the significance of the beard in contemporary sexological treatises and dramatic representations of hermaphroditism, the dramatic representations of the barber as they are informed by the value attributed to the early modern English beard, the spectacle of the bearded woman and the alternate economy instantiated by the "beard below," and the gender and class disguise potential of the prosthetic beard. Finally, I consider the ways in which the use of the prosthetic beard by boy actors in early modern England gestures toward boyhood as an intermediate gender term and gender itself as prosthetic.