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| Author | : David O'Brien |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 196 |
| Release | : 1980 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : |
| Author | : Pentti Hakkila |
| Publisher | : Springer Science & Business Media |
| Total Pages | : 582 |
| Release | : 2012-12-06 |
| Genre | : Technology & Engineering |
| ISBN | : 3642740723 |
An increase in the demand for wood results in improved recovery and less residual biomass in the forests. Paradoxically, interest in forest residue as a renewable source of raw material seems to be in a reverse ratio to its availability in a certain area. Finland and Sweden are probably more dependent on forestry and forest in dustries than any other developed countries in the world. A sufficiency of raw ma terial for integrated forest industries is vital for the national economy of both countries, and a great deal of attention is being paid to the long-term potential of unutilized biomass left behind in logging operations. Furthermore, since these countries possess no reserves of fossil fuels, and since their per-capita consump tion of primary energy is exceptionally high, they also consider unmerchantable forest biomass a realistic source of indigenous energy. A joint Nordic research project on harvesting and utilization of logging residue was carried out in 1969-1976 under the auspices of the Nordic Research Council on Forest Operations. This fruitful cooperation soon gave rise to related national projects in Sweden, Finland, Norway, and Denmark, stimulating further research and producing practical applications. Concurrently, particularly after the worldwide energy crisis in 1973, research on all aspects of utilization of forest bio mass mushroomed in the United States, Canada, and the Soviet Union. An ex plosive increase occurred in both the number and diversity of biomass studies.
| Author | : Jaya Shankar Tumuluru |
| Publisher | : MDPI |
| Total Pages | : 179 |
| Release | : 2021-03-05 |
| Genre | : Technology & Engineering |
| ISBN | : 3039439936 |
Woody biomass is most widely used for energy production. In the United States, roughly 2% of the energy consumed annually is generated from wood and wood-derived fuels. Woody biomass needs to be preprocessed and pretreated before it is used for energy production. Preprocessing and pretreatments improve the physical, chemical, and rheological properties, making them more suitable for feeding, handling, storage transportation, and conversion. Mechanical preprocessing technologies such as size reduction and densification, help improve particle size distribution and density. Thermal pretreatment can reduce grinding energy and torrefied ground biomass has improved sphericity, particle surface area, and particle size distribution. This book focuses on several specific topics, such as understanding how forest biomass for biofuels impacts greenhouse gas emissions; mechanical preprocessing, such as densification of forest residue biomass, to improve physical properties such as size, shape, and density; the impact of thermal pretreatment temperatures on woody biomass chemical composition, physical properties, and microstructure for thermochemical conversions such as pyrolysis and gasification; the grindability of torrefied pellets; use of wood for gasification and as a filter for tar removal; and understanding the pyrolysis kinetics of biomass using thermogravimetric analyzers.
| Author | : Emily Anne Beagle |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 188 |
| Release | : 2018 |
| Genre | : Biomass energy |
| ISBN | : 9780438384873 |
Research and deployment of renewable energy sources are increasing due to several major drivers, including the needs for energy independence and security, renewable energy alternatives to fossil fuels, and greenhouse gas emissions reduction. Biomass is an abundant resource and, with careful planning and management, can be considered a carbon neutral and sustainable energy source, making it attractive for renewable energy applications. Additionally, biomass does not suffer from intermittency issues common of other renewable energy sources. Biomass can be utilized through a variety of energy conversion methods, including combustion, gasification and pyrolysis. Biomass can also be upgraded through mild pyrolysis, called torrefaction, rendering the biomass with fuel characteristics that more closely resemble coal. One woody biomass of particular interest in the western United States is beetle kill pine. Significant amounts of this biomass can be found in National Forests and pose a substantial safety risk to people, local infrastructure, and waterways. Management of these dead trees is a priority for the U.S. Forest Service which has recognized their potential as a fuel and energy feedstock. In addition to productive utilization of waste resources, such as beetle kill, co-combustion of biomass with coal is the most near-term, low cost means of reducing greenhouse gas emissions from the electricity generation sector. Other co-conversion methods, such as co-gasification, are also attractive and relatively readily implementable options for biomass utilization. However, for biomass to be implemented in commercial reactors, its conversion characteristics frequently need to be tailored for efficient conversion. Pretreatment methods, such as torrefaction, and integrated conversion systems, such as the utilization of biochar produced from pyrolysis, offer great promise for improved biomass feedstocks. This research presents a multifaceted study of the utilization and co-utilization of woody biomass, with an emphasis on beetle kill pine, for energy sector emission reductions through a variety of analysis pathways. Experimental investigations of solid fuel conversion processes, including torrefaction, pyrolysis, combustion, and gasification, using a variety of fuel types and fuel blends in several laboratory reactor apparatuses are presented along with kinetic models of fuel conversion behaviors and co-conversion fuel interactions. Additionally, the systems-level feasibility of co-firing has been explored through techno-economic assessment of biomass availability and life cycle analysis of co-firing woody biomass with coal, and results are presented. Overall results from this work demonstrate and advance the feasibility of co-utilization of woody biomass as an effective and feasible means of reducing energy sector emissions.
| Author | : Lars Gunnar Marklund |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 48 |
| Release | : 1986 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : |
| Author | : Dennis R. Becker |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 190 |
| Release | : 2008 |
| Genre | : Biomass energy |
| ISBN | : |
| Author | : Eric White |
| Publisher | : CreateSpace |
| Total Pages | : 54 |
| Release | : 2015-01-03 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : 9781505914603 |
Woody biomass can be used for the generation of heat, electricity, and biofuels. In many cases, the technology for converting woody biomass into energy has been established for decades, but because the price of woody biomass energy has not been competitive with traditional fossil fuels, bioenergy production from woody biomass has not been widely adopted. However, current projections of future energy use and renewable energy and climate change legislation under consideration suggest increased use of both forest and agriculture biomass energy in the coming decades. This report provides a summary of some of the existing knowledge and literature related to the production of woody biomass from bioenergy with a particular focus on the economic perspective. The most commonly discussed woody biomass feedstocks are described along with results of existing economic modeling studies related to the provision of biomass from short-rotation woody crops, harvest residues, and hazardous-fuel reduction efforts. Additionally, the existing social science literature is used to highlight some challenges to widespread production of biomass energy.
| Author | : Raju Pokharel |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 148 |
| Release | : 2016 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : |
Woody residues are byproducts with high lignocellulosic content, such as mill residues, logging residues, and other woody waste. This study estimated the impact of different mill characteristics, procurement attributes, constraints, and geospatial features on the utilization of woody residues to produce bioenergy by primary forest products manufacturers in the southern United States. Data were collected using a mail survey, and USDA and Esri geodatabases. Data analysis was conducted using analysis of variance, two-stage least squares, binary logit, and spatial logistic regression models. Approximately 70% of mills utilized woody residues for bioenergy purposes and 11% were willing to utilize additional logging residues to produce electricity. Mills were willing to pay US$12 (2012 dollars) per metric ton of logging residues at the mill gate and haul them for up to 93 kilometers. Mills with a larger capacity to utilize woody residues were more willing to utilize additional logging residues, pay a higher gate price, and haul them over longer distances. Regarding a mill type, pulp, paper, and paperboard mills and composite wood products mills were the largest woody residue utilizers and were willing to increase utilization of logging residues, pay higher prices, and haul them over longer distances. Utilization of woody residues increased with a processing capacity increase, equipment upgrades, and lower transportation costs logging residues. Mill willingness to utilize additional logging residues was higher for mills with the larger utilization of woody residues, lower quantities of disposable mill residues, anticipated equipment upgrades, and low importance for lack of storage space. Mills were more likely to utilize additional logging residues within proximity to a sawmill; pulp, paper, and paperboard mill; and a major road system, and less likely if a mill was in the vicinity of a river, forest, and mill producing other forest products. Results will help formulate future bioenergy policies, guide biomass energy investments and financial incentives, and help mill and land managers make more informed decisions regarding production and utilization of woody biomass. Future research is needed to evaluate the feasibility of utilizing logging residues by other facilities such as power plants and bioenergy facilities.
| Author | : Ana Cristina Gonçalves |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 0 |
| Release | : 2019 |
| Genre | : Electronic books |
| ISBN | : |
As long as care is taken regarding stand and forest sustainability, forest biomass is an interesting alternative to fossil fuels because of its historical use as an energy source, its relative abundance and availability worldwide, and the fact that it is carbon-neutral. This study encompasses the revision of the state of the sources of forest biomass for energy and their estimation, the impacts on forests of biomass removal, the current demand and use of forest biomass for energy, and the most used energy conversion technologies. Forests can provide large amounts of biomass that can be used for energy. However, as the resources are limited, the increasing demand for biomass brings about management challenges. Stand structure is determinant for the amount of residues produced. Biomass can be estimated with high accuracy using both forest inventory and remote sensing. Yet, remote sensing enables biomass estimation and monitoring in shorter time periods. Different bioenergy uses and conversion technologies are characterized by different efficiencies, which should be a factor to consider in the choice of the best suited technology. Carefully analyzing the different options in terms of available conversion technologies, end-uses, costs, environmental benefits, and alternative energy vectors is of utmost importance.
| Author | : T. Satoo |
| Publisher | : Springer Science & Business Media |
| Total Pages | : 160 |
| Release | : 2012-12-06 |
| Genre | : Technology & Engineering |
| ISBN | : 9400976275 |
Lord Rutherford has said that all science is either physics or stamp collecting. On that basis the study of forest biomass must be classified with stamp collecting and other such pleasurable pursuits. Japanese scientists have led the world, not only in collecting basic data, but in their attempts to systematise our knowledge of forest biomass. They have studied factors affecting dry matter production of forest trees in an attempt to approach underlying phYf'ical principles. This edition of Professor Satoo's book has been made possible the help of Dr John F. Hosner and the Virginia Poly technical Institute and State University who invited Dr Satoo to Blacksburg for three months in 1973 at about the time when he was in the final stages of preparing the Japanese version. Since then the explosion of world literature on forest biomass has continued to be fired by increasing shortages of timber supplies in many parts of the world as well as by a need to explore renewable sources of energy. In revising the original text I have attempted to maintain the input of Japanese work - much of which is not widely available outside Japan - and to update both the basic information and, where necessary, the conclusions to keep them in tune with current thinking. Those familiar with the Japanese original will find Chapter 3 largely rewritten on the basis of new work - much of which was initiated while Dr Satoo was in Blacksburg.
