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The Cost of Environmental Degradation

The Cost of Environmental Degradation
Author: Lelia Croitoru
Publisher: World Bank Publications
Total Pages: 192
Release: 2010-07-16
Genre: Political Science
ISBN: 0821383965
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How much is a cleaner environment worth? For policy makers, that question used to go largely unanswered. Many economic activities cause environmental degradation, entailing real costs to the economy and to people's welfare. Knowing the extent of these costs is crucial for identifying a country's main environmental priorities and allocating appropriate funds for environmental protection. Over the past decade, the World Bank has initiated a systematic effort to measure the costs of environmental degradation in the Middle East and North Africa, shedding new light on their magnitude and on the need for policy changes. In many cases, these costs were found to be surprisingly large. 'The Cost of Environmental Degradation: Case Studies from the Middle East and North Africa' brings together the best case studies of this program and summarizes their policy impacts at the national and regional levels. The case studies quantify monetarily the annual damage due to environmental degradation and express these estimates as percentages of the countries' gross domestic product. The studies use the most recent environmental valuation methods to estimate the economic costs resulting from air pollution, water degradation, deforestation, and land degradation. Uniquely, the book dedicates a case study to value the costs of environmental degradation resulting from an oil spill and demolition waste in times of conflict. The studies then illuminate the concrete implications on policy, investments, and institutions for the respective nations. This book will be of interest to policy makers, nongovernmental organizations, and academic and research institutions.

Estimating Costs of Air Pollution Control

Estimating Costs of Air Pollution Control
Author: William M. Vatavuk
Publisher: CRC Press
Total Pages: 252
Release: 2023-07-28
Genre: Nature
ISBN: 1000941981
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In these pages is all the information that you-manager, engineer, or other technical professional-would need to select, size, and estimate "budget/study" level capital and annual costs for a variety of air pollution control equipment. This equipment includes wet scrubbers, carbon adsorbers, and other "add-on" devices. This book also deals with such nonstack controls as wet dust suppression systems and flue gas desulfurization systems. The costs are current (1988 or 1989 dollars) and are mainly presented in equational form for ease of computerization and updating. Clear, comprehensive equipment sizing procedures are also detailed. Finally, several detailed example problems are included to illustrate the sizing and costing procedures. This book is not just for technical personnel, however. The material is easy to grasp and use. Anyone with an air pollution control background can follow and apply the procedures and data herein. Using this book, air pollution control professionals can now develop sound, defensible (within ±30%) cost estimates with a minimum of time and effort.

Cost-Benefit Analysis of Environmental Health Interventions

Cost-Benefit Analysis of Environmental Health Interventions
Author: Carla Guerriero
Publisher: Academic Press
Total Pages: 312
Release: 2019-11-29
Genre: Business & Economics
ISBN: 0128129360
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Cost-benefit Analysis of Environmental Health Interventions clearly articulates the core principles and fundamental methodologies underpinning the modern economic assessment of environmental intervention on human health. Taking a practical approach, the book provides a step-by-step approach to assigning a monetary value to the health benefits and disbenefits arising from interventions, using environmental information and epidemiological evidence. It summarizes environmental risk factors and explores how to interpret and understand epidemiological data using concentration-response, exposure-response or dose-response techniques, explaining the environmental interventions available for each environmental risk factor. It evaluates in detail two of the most challenging stages of Cost-Benefit Analysis in ‘discounting’ and ‘accounting for uncertainty’. Further chapters describe how to analyze and critique results, evaluate potential alternatives to Cost-Benefit Analysis, and on how to engage with stakeholders to communicate the results of Cost-Benefit Analysis. The book includes a detailed case study how to conduct a Cost-Benefit Analysis. It is supported by an online website providing solution files and detailing the design of models using Excel. Provides a clear understanding of the core theory of cost-benefit analysis in environmental health interventions Provides practical guidance using real-world case studies to motivate and expand understanding Describes the challenging ‘discounting’ and ‘accounting for uncertainty’ problems at chapter length Supported by a practical case study, online solution files, and a practical guide to the design of CBA models using Excel

Economics of Land Degradation and Improvement – A Global Assessment for Sustainable Development

Economics of Land Degradation and Improvement – A Global Assessment for Sustainable Development
Author: Ephraim Nkonya
Publisher: Springer
Total Pages: 695
Release: 2015-11-11
Genre: Business & Economics
ISBN: 3319191683
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This volume deals with land degradation, which is occurring in almost all terrestrial biomes and agro-ecologies, in both low and high income countries and is stretching to about 30% of the total global land area. About three billion people reside in these degraded lands. However, the impact of land degradation is especially severe on livelihoods of the poor who heavily depend on natural resources. The annual global cost of land degradation due to land use and cover change (LUCC) and lower cropland and rangeland productivity is estimated to be about 300 billion USD. Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) accounts for the largest share (22%) of the total global cost of land degradation. Only about 38% of the cost of land degradation due to LUCC - which accounts for 78% of the US$300 billion loss – is borne by land users and the remaining share (62%) is borne by consumers of ecosystem services off the farm. The results in this volume indicate that reversing land degradation trends makes both economic sense, and has multiple social and environmental benefits. On average, one US dollar investment into restoration of degraded land returns five US dollars. The findings of the country case studies call for increased investments into the rehabilitation and restoration of degraded lands, including through such institutional and policy measures as strengthening community participation for sustainable land management, enhancing government effectiveness and rule of law, improving access to markets and rural services, and securing land tenure. The assessment in this volume has been conducted at a time when there is an elevated interest in private land investments and when global efforts to achieve sustainable development objectives have intensified. In this regard, the results of this volume can contribute significantly to the ongoing policy debate and efforts to design strategies for achieving sustainable development goals and related efforts to address land degradation and halt biodiversity loss.

Arab Republic of Egypt

Arab Republic of Egypt
Author: Weltbank
Publisher:
Total Pages:
Release: 2013
Genre:
ISBN:
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The report is a first step in a process towards the use of environmental damage cost assessments, for priority setting, and as an instrument for integrating environment, into economic, and social development. The report provides estimates of damage, and remediation cost for several areas of the environment, and, as areas of priority are identified, further analysis would be required for more accurate estimates. The damage cost of environmental degradation in Egypt in 1999, is estimated at 3.2-6.4 percent of GDP, with a mean estimate of 4.8 of GDP. In addition, the damage cost to the global environment is estimated at 0.6 percent of GDP. The cost of air pollution is assessed at 1.1-3.2 percent of GDP (urban outdoor and rural indoor), followed by soil degradation at 1.0-1.4 percent (erosion and salinity). In the area of water, the damage cost is estimated at 0.7-1.2 percent of GDP (mostly from the lack of safe water, sanitation and hygiene). Cost of coastal zone degradation is estimated at 0.2.-0.4 percent of GDP, and, inadequate waste management at around 0.2 percent of GDP. Of the total damage cost, about two thirds comes from damages to health, and a third from natural resource degradation. It should be noted that no cost estimate is provided for degradation associated with industrial, hazardous, and hospital waste, as sufficient data were unavailable. Similarly, cost assessment of degradation associated with inadequately treated wastewater is limited, due to data constraints. Cost is also presented for a limited number of remedial actions, in each of the environmental areas for which damage cost is estimated. More detailed analysis is required in future work, in order to compare benefits of remediation, to reduction in damage marginal cost.

Approaches for Ecosystem Services Valuation for the Gulf of Mexico After the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill

Approaches for Ecosystem Services Valuation for the Gulf of Mexico After the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill
Author: National Research Council
Publisher: National Academies Press
Total Pages: 162
Release: 2012-03-17
Genre: Science
ISBN: 0309211794
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On April 20, 2010, the Deepwater Horizon platform drilling the Macondo well in Mississippi Canyon Block 252 (DWH) exploded, killing 11 workers and injuring another 17. The DWH oil spill resulted in nearly 5 million barrels (approximately 200 million gallons) of crude oil spilling into the Gulf of Mexico (GoM). The full impacts of the spill on the GoM and the people who live and work there are unknown but expected to be considerable, and will be expressed over years to decades. In the short term, up to 80,000 square miles of the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) were closed to fishing, resulting in loss of food, jobs and recreation. The DWH oil spill immediately triggered a process under the U.S. Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA) to determine the extent and severity of the "injury" (defined as an observable or measurable adverse change in a natural resource or impairment of a natural resource service) to the public trust, known as the Natural Resources Damage Assessment (NRDA). The assessment, undertaken by the trustees (designated technical experts who act on behalf of the public and who are tasked with assessing the nature and extent of site-related contamination and impacts), requires: (1) quantifying the extent of damage; (2) developing, implementing, and monitoring restoration plans; and (3) seeking compensation for the costs of assessment and restoration from those deemed responsible for the injury. This interim report provides options for expanding the current effort to include the analysis of ecosystem services to help address the unprecedented scale of this spill in U.S. waters and the challenges it presents to those charged with undertaking the damage assessment.

Islamic Republic of Iran

Islamic Republic of Iran
Author: Weltbank
Publisher:
Total Pages:
Release: 2005
Genre:
ISBN:
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The objective of this report is to provide an estimate of the cost of environmental degradation in Iran. Despite the difficulties involved in assigning monetary values to environmental degradation, such estimates can be a powerful tool to raise awareness about environmental issues and facilitate progress toward sustainable development. It is hoped that this study will provide an instrument for policymakers to better integrate the environment into economic development decisions. In 2002, the annual cost of environmental degradation in Iran was estimated at 4.8 to 10 percent of GDP, with a mean estimate of 7.4 percent (equivalent to US$8.4 billion or IRR 67,300 billion).