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Essays on the Usefulness of Non-GAAP Earnings

Essays on the Usefulness of Non-GAAP Earnings
Author: Felix Thielemann
Publisher:
Total Pages: 0
Release: 2019
Genre:
ISBN:
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Voluntary disclosure of adjusted earnings metrics; i.e., so-called non-GAAP earnings, is subject to ongoing controversy. In fact, critics allege that management uses these earnings metrics to portray an overly optimistic view of company performance whereas proponents argue that, relative to GAAP earnings, they are more indicative of recurring and/or operating performance. Hence, the usefulness of these earnings measures is ultimately an empirical question. Against this background, the three essays of this dissertation project explore the usefulness of a) management-provided non-GAAP earnings disclosure (Essays I & II) and b) Standard & Poor's (S & P) so-called Core Earnings metric, as a similarly adjusted but more credible, yet also standardised non-GAAP earnings measure (Essay III). In particular, Essays I & II offer a new perspective on Regulation G (RegG), which the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) introduced in 2003 to protect investors from the potentially misleading character of non-GAAP disclosures. While Essay I provides evidence supportive of the regulation's benefit, Essay II documents that it also enabled new opportunistic behaviour as an unintended consequence. Specifically, Essay I extends prior non-GAAP literature's exclusive focus on the equity markets by showing that the regulation alleviated the credibility problem of non-GAAP earnings to the point that bond investors incorporate them into their credit risk assessment. In contrast, Essay II explores the proliferation and motives underlying a self-devised strategy of regulatory avoidance, thereby contributing to the nascent literature on post-regulation opportunism and unintended consequences. Finally, Essay III compares the ability of S & P's Core Earnings metric to predict future operating cash flow against that of GAAP earnings. An in this setting novel out-of-sample estimation approach is applied, which yields no significant difference in predictive abil.

Two Essays on Non-GAAP Reporting

Two Essays on Non-GAAP Reporting
Author: Dongfang Nie
Publisher:
Total Pages: 86
Release: 2019
Genre:
ISBN:
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This dissertation investigates the interrelationships between a client's non-GAAP earnings disclosures, financial health (profit and loss status), and the external auditor's assessment of the client's going concern status. This dissertation comprises two essays. Essay 1 examines the informativeness and the quality of non-GAAP earnings disclosures in profit and loss firms separately. Using a large sample of non-GAAP earnings voluntarily disclosed by managers, I find that the informativeness and the quality of non-GAAP earnings vary in firms cross-classified by GAAP loss status and non-GAAP loss status. I also find that loss firms have higher quality non-GAAP exclusions relative to profit firms, although the expenses excluded by both profit and loss firms are associated with firms' future performance. Further, I posit and find that profit firms which voluntarily disclose non-GAAP losses have high-quality exclusions, while other non-GAAP reporting profit firms have low-quality exclusions. Having found that non-GAAP earnings in loss firms is opportunistic to some extent, I next study, in Essay 2, whether auditors understand the implications of low-quality non-GAAP reporting in these firms. Specifically, I examine 1) whether non-GAAP earnings disclosures are associated with the propensity of the auditor's going concern issuance to loss firms, and 2) whether non-GAAP earnings disclosures affect the accuracy of the auditor's going concern assessment. This is important because auditors often conduct audits of loss firms that disclose non-GAAP earnings, and the consequences of issuing wrong audit opinions can be severe. I find that the propensity of the auditor's going concern issuance is negatively associated with the magnitude of expense exclusions in loss firms, after controlling for determinants of going concern opinions that are derived from GAAP earnings. This finding suggests that auditors take into account information embedded in non-GAAP earnings when assessing clients' going concern status. Using bankruptcy outcome as a benchmark, I find that non-GAAP earnings disclosures could increase type II errors in auditors' going concern reporting. I further find that small size auditors and non-specialist auditors are more likely to be misled by non-GAAP reporting when making going concern decisions. In sum, my dissertation furthers our understanding of non-GAAP reporting and its implication for auditors' decision making for issuing going concern opinions.

Essays on Auditor Quality and Non-GAAP Earnings

Essays on Auditor Quality and Non-GAAP Earnings
Author: Xiaojie Christine Sun
Publisher:
Total Pages: 194
Release: 2015
Genre: Accounting
ISBN:
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Chapter 1 provides empirical evidence that auditors may play a role in the disclosure of non-GAAP earnings. Using non-GAAP earnings disclosures hand-collected from firms' annual press releases, I find that firms are more likely to disclose non-GAAP earnings if their auditors are industry experts. Furthermore, firms with these high quality auditors report low quality non-GAAP exclusions in their reconciliation to GAAP income/loss. I interpret these results as suggesting that managers are more likely to opportunistically disclose non-GAAP earnings when they have high quality auditors. However, I do not find a significant association between auditor quality and the likelihood of non-GAAP earnings meeting or beating financial benchmarks. Taken together, my results suggest a negative relationship between auditor quality and non-GAAP earnings quality, in contrast to the positive effects of auditor quality on GAAP earnings documented in prior literature. These findings contribute to the literature on audit quality and non-GAAP earnings, as well as to the regulatory discussion of whether non-GAAP earnings should be audited. Chapter 2 investigates the characteristics of actual, disclosed non-GAAP exclusions. My results indicate that three categories of exclusions that increase non-GAAP earnings, impairment expenses, loss, mark-down, and mark-offs, and other exclusions that increase non-GAAP earnings, are associated with the next period's operating income, indicating that these exclusions are of low quality or may be opportunistic. However, stock-based compensation, amortization expenses, and restructuring costs excluded from non-GAAP earnings do not predict future operating income and therefore are one-time high-quality exclusions. I find no consistent results on the persistence of exclusions that decrease non-GAAP earnings (i.e. gains). These results contribute to the literature by providing the first empirical evidence on the quality of actual non-GAAP exclusions disclosed by companies. Next, I extend the analyses in Chapter 1, finding that high-quality auditors are negatively related to the quality of non-GAAP increasing exclusions. However, I do not find evidence that firms with high-quality auditors are more likely to use non-GAAP increasing exclusions to meet or beat financial benchmarks, further supporting the results presented in Chapter 1.

Reporting Non-GAAP Financial Measures

Reporting Non-GAAP Financial Measures
Author: Nicola Moscariello
Publisher: Cambridge Scholars Publishing
Total Pages: 420
Release: 2019-11-25
Genre: Business & Economics
ISBN: 1527543978
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The use of alternative performance indicators (APMs) (also known as ‘Non-GAAP’ earnings) is a widespread phenomenon, and the increased reliance on APMs has recently triggered a strong debate among regulators, managers and investors on the nature of these ‘tailored’ earnings and on the economic reasons behind them. On one hand, APMs might reflect managers’ attempt to offer useful information to predict companies’ future sustainable cash-flows and earnings (information hypothesis), while, on the other, the non-standardized nature of these metrics impacts on the comparability of the financial results, and reduces the reliability and the faithful representation of financial information (opportunistic hypothesis). By collecting several theoretical and empirical contributions on APMs, this book provides a number of interesting and useful insights on the economics of APMs and their impact on financial markets.

Three Essays on Say-on-Pay

Three Essays on Say-on-Pay
Author: Karen Naaman
Publisher:
Total Pages: 0
Release: 2021
Genre:
ISBN:
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This dissertation comprises three essays on issues related to Say-on-Pay, a governance measure which allows shareholders to vote on executive compensation. In the first essay adopting a window-dressing perspective, I examine whether the mandatory adoption of Say-on-Pay is associated with opportunistic non-GAAP reporting to mislead shareholders about firm's performance and avoid shareholder dissatisfaction against executive compensation. The sample comprises U.S. Fortune 250 firms, from 2003 until 2017. Results show that managers increasingly disclose non-GAAP earnings and exclude recurring items after the mandatory adoption of Say-on-Pay regulation. Also, managers' exclusion choice of recurring items and the likelihood of reporting non-GAAP metrics are more pronounced during years when the firm is subject to a vote. The findings shed some light on the unintended consequences of Say-on-Pay, especially when the ethical concerns about non-GAAP reporting are raised. The second essay integrates agency and resource dependence theories to examine the influence of compensation committee members' qualities and non-GAAP reporting on shareholders' Say-on-Pay support. Compensation committee quality is an aggregate measure of compensation committee attributes that include the directors' interdependencies, their tenure, holding a CEO position, the number of seats they hold, and committee size. Results suggest that high quality compensation committees influence shareholders to provide a support to their Say-on-Pay vote. Moreover, the quality of non-GAAP reporting is associated with shareholders' votes. Shareholders do not appear to be misled by low-quality non-GAAP metrics and managers' opportunistic motive. On the contrary, shareholders vote against executive compensation when these metrics are of low-quality. While policy makers have set the regulation to curb excessive executive pay through shareholders' votes, this study reveals that factors other than the excess pay itself may influence shareholders' perceptions. The third essay synthesizes research on Say-on-Pay and classifies it into two categories that revolve around the determinants and consequences of Say-on-Pay. Based on the first and second essays of my dissertation, I build a conceptual model that represents two closed interconnections. The first connection is between Say-on-Pay and compensation committees. Shareholders' Say-on-Pay votes are more favorable when compensation committee quality is high. However, when shareholders vote against executive compensation in Say-on-Pay, they also vote against the re-election of compensation committee members. The second connection of the model is between Say-on-Pay and non-GAAP reporting. The introduction of Say-on-Pay motivates managers to opportunistically report non-GAAP metrics. However, when managers report low-quality non-GAAP metrics, shareholders' Say-on-Pay votes become more negative. Thus, it appears that Say-on-Pay holds simultaneously a dual role as both a determinant and a consequence in its relation to compensation committee and non-GAAP reporting. Keywords: Say-on-Pay; Executive compensation; Non-GAAP earnings; Compensation committee quality; Interdependent directors; Director tenure; CEO directors; Director shareholdings; Additional directorships; Committee size.

Intermediate Accounting, Volume 1

Intermediate Accounting, Volume 1
Author: Donald E. Kieso
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
Total Pages: 914
Release: 2021-11-15
Genre: Business & Economics
ISBN: 1119740460
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Intermediate Accounting, 13th Canadian Edition has always been, and continues to be, the gold standard that helps connect students to the what, the why, and the how of accounting information. Through new edition updates, you will be able to spark efficient and effective learning and inspire and prepare students to be the accounting professionals of tomorrow. To help develop a deeper understanding of course concepts and move beyond basic understanding, students work through a high-quality assessment at varying levels, helping them learn more efficiently and create connections between topics and real-world application. This course also presents an emphasis on decision-making through Integrated Cases and Research and Analysis questions that allow students to analyze business transactions, apply both IFRS and ASPE, and explore how different accounting standards impact real companies. Throughout the course, students also work through a variety of hands-on activities including Data Analytics Problems, Analytics in Action features, Excel templates, and a new emphasis on sustainability, all within the chapter context. These applications help students develop an accounting decision-making mindset and improve the professional judgement and communication skills needed to be successful in the evolving accounting world.

Intermediate Accounting, Volume 2

Intermediate Accounting, Volume 2
Author: Donald E. Kieso
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
Total Pages: 849
Release: 2019-04-08
Genre: Business & Economics
ISBN: 1119497043
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Intermediate Accounting, 12th Edition, Volume 2, continues to be the number one intermediate accounting resource in the Canadian market. Viewed as the most reliable resource by accounting students, faculty, and professionals, this course helps students understand, prepare, and use financial information by linking education with the real-world accounting environment. This new edition now incorporates new data analytics content and up-to-date coverage of leases and revenue recognition.

The Essays of Warren Buffett

The Essays of Warren Buffett
Author: Lawrence A. Cunningham
Publisher: Carolina Academic Press
Total Pages: 281
Release: 2013-03-15
Genre: Business & Economics
ISBN: 1611634474
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In the third edition of this international best seller, Lawrence Cunningham brings you the latest wisdom from Warren Buffett’s annual letters to Berkshire Hathaway shareholders. New material addresses: the financial crisis and its continuing implications for investors, managers and society; the housing bubble at the bottom of that crisis; the debt and derivatives excesses that fueled the crisis and how to deal with them; controlling risk and protecting reputation in corporate governance; Berkshire’s acquisition and operation of Burlington Northern Santa Fe; the role of oversight in heavily regulated industries; investment possibilities today; and weaknesses of popular option valuation models. Some other material has been rearranged to deepen the themes and lessons that the collection has always produced: Buffett’s “owner-related business principles” are in the prologue as a separate subject and valuation and accounting topics are spread over four instead of two sections and reordered to sharpen their payoff. Media coverage is available at the following links: Interviews/Podcasts: Motley Fool, click here. Money, Riches and Wealth, click here. Manual of Ideas, click here. Corporate Counsel, click here. Reviews: William J. Taylor, ABA Banking Journal, click here. Bob Morris, Blogging on Business, click here. Pamela Holmes, Saturday Evening Post, click here. Kevin M. LaCroix, D&O Diary, click here. Blog Posts: On Finance issues (Columbia University), click here. On Berkshire post-Buffett (Manual of Ideas), click here. On Publishing the book (Value Walk), click here. On Governance issues (Harvard University blog), click here. Featured Stories/Recommended Reading: Motley Fool, click here. Stock Market Blog, click here. Motley Fool Interviews with LAC at Berkshire's 2013 Annual Meeting Berkshire Businesses: Vastly Different, Same DNA, click here. Is Berkshire's Fat Wallet an Enemy to Its Success?, click here. Post-Buffett Berkshire: Same Question, Same Answer, click here. How a Disciplined Value Approach Works Across the Decades, click here. Through the Years: Constant Themes in Buffett's Letters, click here. Buffett's Single Greatest Accomplishment, click here. Where Buffett Is Finding Moats These Days, click here. How Buffett Has Changed Through the Years, click here. Speculating on Buffett's Next Acquisition, click here. Buffett Says “Chief Risk Officers” Are a Terrible Mistake, click here. Berkshire Without Buffett, click here.

The Buffett Essays Symposium

The Buffett Essays Symposium
Author: Lawrence A. Cunningham
Publisher: Harriman House Limited
Total Pages: 122
Release: 2016-05-08
Genre: Business & Economics
ISBN: 0857195395
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Among the landmark occasions in the legendary history of Berkshire Hathaway and its iconic co-leaders, Warren Buffett and Charlie Munger, was a 1996 symposium held in New York at Cardozo Law School. The focus of the symposium was Warren's letters to Berkshire shareholders. The format was a series of panels with two dozen different experts dissecting all the ideas in the letters, about corporate governance, takeovers, investing, and accounting. Intellectual sparks illuminated the two-day affair, which drew unusual press interest for an academic convocation. While the principal tangible result of the conference was the publication of the international best-seller, The Essays of Warren Buffett: Lessons for Corporate America, the transcript of the symposium is now being made available with annotations and updated commentary that show just how timeless the topics are and how venerable the principles Buffett laid out remain. I had the honor of hosting the event, editing The Essays, and now publishing this archival treasure, with current assessments by such luminaries as Robert Hagstrom as well as several participants from the original symposium.