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Essays on Liquidity of U.S. Common Stocks

Essays on Liquidity of U.S. Common Stocks
Author: Shalini Nageswaran
Publisher:
Total Pages: 126
Release: 2012
Genre: Capital assets pricing model
ISBN: 9781267435118
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In Chapter 1, I find that stock characteristics do predict a stock's time-varying liquidity beta, i.e. its sensitivity to market, with the effect varying according to the assumed holding period using data on 30 small, medium, and large cap stocks between 1997 and 2002. I also find that liquidity is a priced factor for stock return even after controlling for market and stock measures of risk such as estimates of market volatility and stock level volatility. In order to mitigate problems arising from a small panel, I also test the returns model with ARCH errors on a larger sample of 2000 stocks. Chapter 2 accounts for endogenous liquidity in a standard asset pricing model. Loss of liquidity, especially during times of crises, needs to be incorporated into models of financial assets so as to forecast returns correctly. To identify the effect of endogenous stock liquidity on stock returns, an instrument is constructed from the NYSE, AMEX, and NASDAQ's decimalization program, which shrunk tick sizes from one-sixteenth of a dollar to one-hundredth of a dollar. Decimalization led to an increase in liquidity by allowing for narrower bid-ask spreads. Using daily price and quote data on U.S. common stocks, I find that as stocks becomes more illiquid, their future expected returns increase. In Chapter 3, I propose two related measures for algorithmic trading constructed from the Disclosure of Order Execution Statistics data in order to study the effect of algorithmic trading on stock liquidity. The first is the average time taken to fill an order once it arrives in the market, known as fill time, and the second is the proportion of orders executed within ten seconds of order arrival at the NYSE. Since the decision to use algorithms in trading is an endogenous one, I use the NYSE's introduction of autoquotes in 2003 to identify the causal effect of algorithmic trading on a stock's liquidity. Using IV estimation, I find that a one second decrease in fill time narrows spreads by two basis points.

Essays on Liquidity in Financial Markets

Essays on Liquidity in Financial Markets
Author: Christoph Koser
Publisher:
Total Pages: 141
Release: 2020
Genre:
ISBN:
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"This dissertation contributes to a better understanding of liquidity in financial markets. Relying on the latest proxies for liquidity and TAQ benchmark data, this dissertation investigates liquidity in financial markets from different perspectives and gives answers to crucial challenges when assessing the importance of liquidity; its time-varying commonality across assets and stock markets; its impact on asset pricing in abnormal market states and finally its dynamics and determinants on a daily basis. This study has implications for investors and market makers as part of risk management and portfolio diversification and for policy makers in the context of designing optimal regulatory frameworks to predict and prevent common sources of liquidity tightness in global financial markets. In the second chapter, I study commonality in liquidity and its association to market volatility. Taking on a global perspective on this matter and examining nine major stock markets, I first construct a novel and dynamic measure of commonality in liquidity. I show that liquidity commonality is present in global stock markets and increases parallel to crisis periods. This finding points towards abrupt changes in liquidity fundamentals and clearly provide evidence for demand- and supply-driven sources of commonality in liquidity (i.e. correlated trading behavior on institutional level paired with restrictions on funding capital) on a global scale. Driven by the well acknowledged findings of a positive relationship between volatility and illiquidity, I investigate the time-varying tie between common variation in liquidity and volatility. Using a dynamic granger-causality test, I find that global market volatility always causes commonality in liquidity while commonality in liquidity causes volatility only in sub-periods, spanning over the financial crisis and its aftermath period. In the third chapter, I examine the effect of systemic liquidity risk as a priced risk factor in asset pricing. Hereby, I challenge the previous literature in their finding of a linear relationship between systemic liquidity risk and asset prices. I show that systemic liquidity risk is not always a priced factor in the explanation of asset prices. I find that systemic liquidity risk and asset prices are negatively associated in bad market states. This finding can be explained by downward trended liquidity spirals, in other words, an interaction between demand and supply-sided commonality in liquidity, which cause a depression in asset pricing during bad market states. I also show that liquidity risk has a positive link to asset pricing in good market states, which is mainly associated with search-for-yield considerations. Finally, I document that there is no significant relationship between systemic liquidity risk and asset pricing during normal market swings. This finding supports the initial claim that market participants do not worry too much about the state of market-wide liquidity during regular times. In the fourth chapter, I investigate daily liquidity and trading activity of energy stocks traded at U.S. stock exchanges, categorized into five energy sectors, that is, oil and gas, coal mining, renewables, electric- and multi-utilities. Using TAQ (trades and quotes) data, I examine various dimensions of liquidity and trading - effective spreads, price impact of trades, number of trades and volume - on sectoral level. I document cross-sectional differences in the level of liquidity and trading across energy stock segments. I find that liquidity and trading is trended and exhibit serial dependency up to higher lags, similarly across sectors. There is a weekly pattern for trading and liquidity, both decline on Fridays, on average. I also identify a number of factors that affect trading and liquidity commonly across sectors, that is, general market movements, short-term momentum runs and overall stock market volatility, which points again towards the direction of correlated trading, amplified by institutional investors. Moreover, I show that trading and liquidity are sensitive to a widening Term Spread. I find a heterogeneous effect of the oil price on liquidity and trading activity, dependent on the energy segment. Despite controlling for stock market volatility, I observe that illiquidity and trading increase with higher levels of oil price volatility. Finally, I show that trading activity, both, in number of trade executions and share volume, increases for renewable and multi-utility stocks when climate change receives global media attention. Fast markets and increased trading make liquidity to be one of the top considerations in the smooth functioning of financial markets, especially in the light of financial distress and sudden, downward trended liquidity spirals, where liquidity adjusts to different equilibria levels. For future discussion, there is further need to address liquidity in its different dimensions and in the context of financial market quality, information efficiency and sentiment. This dissertation is yet another step for a more comprehensive knowledge on liquidity." -- TDX.

Three Essays on Stock Market Liquidity and Earnings Seasons

Three Essays on Stock Market Liquidity and Earnings Seasons
Author: Andrei I. Nikiforov
Publisher:
Total Pages: 136
Release: 2009
Genre: Electronic dissertations
ISBN:
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In these essays, I identify the effects of earnings seasons (i.e., the clustering of earnings releases), on stock market liquidity and asset pricing. In the first essay, I document strong seasonal regularities associated with aggregate earnings announcements. Applying the large body of literature linking earnings announcements to liquidity effects, I argue that these earnings seasons create market-wide liquidity shocks and I show that both liquidity betas and liquidity risk change during earnings seasons In the second essay, I test the impact of earnings seasons on commonality in liquidity as measured by both spreads and depths. I find that commonality significantly decreases during the four weeks of each calendar quarter when most companies release their earnings. These findings contribute to the literature by identifying and examining the clustering effect of firm-specific information on commonality in liquidity. In the third essay, I extend the study of the liquidity effects of earnings seasons to a sample of 20 countries. I find that the international data corroborate both hypotheses. I also find that the aggregate quality of accounting information, and the duration and frequency of interim reporting periods are important determinants of the liquidity effects (both liquidity betas and commonality in liquidity) during earnings seasons.

Three Essays on Liquidity Shocks and Their Implication for Asset Pricing and Valuation Models

Three Essays on Liquidity Shocks and Their Implication for Asset Pricing and Valuation Models
Author: Nardos M. Beyene
Publisher:
Total Pages: 72
Release: 2019
Genre: Capital assets pricing model
ISBN:
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The main objective of my three essays is to incorporate liquidity shocks and the linkages between the liquidity condition of financial markets into asset pricing and valuation models. The first essay focuses on the liquidity adjusted capital asset pricing model, while the second and the third essays examine the popular asset valuation model called the Fed model. The first essay investigates the pricing of the commonality risk in the U.S. stock market by using a more comprehensive market illiquidity measure that can reflect the liquidity condition of different asset markets. This measure is given by the yield difference between commercial paper and treasury bill. In addition, consistent with the definition of commonality risk, I form portfolios based on the sensitivity of each stock's illiquidity to the market-wide illiquidity. Using monthly data from January 1997 to December 2016 and the conditional version of the Liquidity-adjusted Capital Asset Pricing Model (LCAPM) estimated by the Dynamic Conditional Correlation approach, I find a significant commonality risk premium of 0.022% and 0.014% per year for 12-month and 24-month holding periods, respectively. This premium estimate is significantly higher than those found using the market illiquidity measure and estimation procedures from previous studies. These findings provide evidence that a security's easiness in terms of tradability at times of liquidity dry up is extremely important. It is also higher than the excess return associated with other forms of liquidity risk. In addition, the paper finds a variation in the estimated commonality risk premium over time, with values being higher during periods of market turmoil. Moreover, estimating the LCAPM with the yield difference between commercial paper and treasury bill as a measure of market illiquidity performs better in predicting returns for the low commonality risk portfolios. The second essay examines the inflation illusion hypothesis in explaining the high correlation between government bond yield and stock yield as implied by the Fed model. According to the inflation illusion hypothesis, there is mis-pricing in the stock market due to the failure of investors to adjust their cash flow expectation to inflation. This led to a co-movement in stock yield and government bond yield. I use the Gordon Growth model to determine the mis-pricing component in the stock market. In the next step, the correlation between bond yield and stock yield is estimated using the Asymmetric Generalized Dynamic Conditional Correlation (AG-DCC) model. Finally, I regress this correlation on mis-pricing and two other control variables, GDP and inflation. I use monthly data from January 1983 to December 2016. Consistent with the Fed model, the paper finds a significant positive correlation between the yield on government bonds and stock yield, with an average correlation of 0.942 - 0.997. However, in contrast to the inflation illusion hypothesis, mis-pricing in the stock market has an insignificant impact on this correlation. The third essay provides liquidity shocks contagion between the stock market and the corporate bond market as the driving force behind the high correlation between the yield on stocks and the yield on government bonds as implied by the Fed model. The idea is that when liquidity drops in the stock market, firms' credit risk rises because the deterioration in the liquidity of equities traded in the stock market increases the firms' default probability. Consequently, investors' preferences shift away from corporate bonds to government bonds. Higher demand for government bonds keeps their yield low, leading to a co-movement of government bond yield and stock yield. In order to test this liquidity-based explanation, the paper first examines the interdependence between liquidity in the stock and corporate bond markets using the Markov switching model, and a time series non-parametric technique called the Convergent Cross Mapping (CCM). In order to see the response of government bond yield and stock yield to liquidity shocks in the stock market, the study implements an Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model. Using monthly data from January 1997 to December 2016, the paper presents strong evidence of liquidity shocks transmission form the stock market to the corporate bond market. Furthermore, liquidity shocks in the stock market are found to have a significant impact on the stock yield. These findings support the illiquidity contagion explanation provided in this paper.

Essays in International Asset Pricing

Essays in International Asset Pricing
Author: Ying Wu
Publisher:
Total Pages: 249
Release: 2013
Genre:
ISBN:
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The empirical research focuses on the common risk factors in stock returns and trading activities. The first essay is titled "Asset Pricing with Extreme Liquidity Risk". Defining extreme liquidity as the tails of illiquidity for all stocks, I propose a direct measure of market-wide extreme liquidity risk and find that extreme liquidity risk is priced cross-sectionally in the U.S. equity market. From 1973 through 2011, stocks in the highest quintile of extreme liquidity risk loadings earned value-weighted average returns 6.6% per year higher than stocks in the lowest quintile. The extreme liquidity risk premium is robust to common risk factors related to size, value and momentum. The premium is different from that on aggregate liquidity risk documented in Pástor and Stambaugh (2003) as well as that based on tail risk of Kelly (2011). Extreme liquidity estimates can offer a warning sign of extreme liquidity events. Predictive regressions show that extreme liquidity measure reliably outperforms aggregate liquidity measures in predicting future market returns. Finally, I incorporate the extreme liquidity risk into Acharya and Pedersen's (2005) framework and find new supporting evidence for their liquidity-adjusted capital asset pricing model. The second essay is co-authored with Prof. Andrew Karolyi. We have developed a multi-factor returns-generating model for an international setting that captures how restrictions on investability or accessibility can matter. The model works reasonably well in a wide variety of settings. More specifically, using monthly returns for over 37,000 stocks from 46 developed and emerging market countries over a two-decade period, we propose and test a multi-factor model that includes factor portfolios based on firm characteristics and that builds separate factors comprised of globally-accessible stocks, which we call "global factors," and of locally-accessible stocks, which we call "local factors." Our new "hybrid" multi-factor model with both global and local factors not only captures strong common variation in global stock returns, but also achieves low pricing errors and rejection rates using conventional testing procedures for a variety of regional and global test asset portfolios formed on size, value, and momentum. In the third essay, I examine the implications of the Lo and Wang (2000, 2006) mutual fund separation model in the cross-sectional behavior of global trading activity. It demonstrates that return-based factors work poorly around the world. On average across countries, market-wide turnover captures 37% of all systematic turnover components in individual stock trading, and two additional Fama and French (1993) factor turnovers increase the explanatory power by 23%. Similarly Lo and Wang's (2000) turnovers only capture on average 64% of all systematic turnover components. Using this multi-factor asset pricing-trading framework, a horserace is further performed to explore other factors in return by examining the turnover behavior of different factor mimicking portfolios. All the return-based factors capture at most 67% of the common variation in trading, suggesting that stock pricing and trading volume may not be compatible around the world. In cross-country analysis, the explanatory power of the returnbased factor model varies substantially across countries and markets, with better performance for European developed markets and China. Surprisingly, in North America, Japan and most emerging markets there are larger amounts of commonality in trading, mostly higher than 47 %, for reasons other than return motive.

International Evidence on the Effect of Economic Policy Uncertainty on Stock Market Liquidity

International Evidence on the Effect of Economic Policy Uncertainty on Stock Market Liquidity
Author: FNU Pratima
Publisher:
Total Pages: 175
Release: 2021
Genre: Economic policy
ISBN:
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In this dissertation, I investigate the impact of economic policy uncertainty on stock market liquidity across a broad cross-section of countries. My dissertation is composed of three distinct yet related essays. My first essay examines the impact of economic policy uncertainty on stock liquidity and various firm-level cross-sectional variables explaining the uncertainty-liquidity relationship. The focus of the second essay, using a sample for non-U.S. stocks cross-listed in the U.S., is to examine the role of cross-listing in moderating the above impact. In the third essay, I examine the market liquidity and country-level factors that explain the relationship between economic policy uncertainty and market liquidity.In the first essay, I investigate the impact of economic policy uncertainty on stock liquidity using an international sample of twenty-four countries spanning twenty-three years. The sample countries include fourteen developed and ten emerging countries. In this essay, I initially provide global evidence on the adverse impact of economic policy uncertainty (EPU) on stock liquidity.The result holds for all the countries in the sample except Croatia and Russia. Subsequently, I investigate the role of firms' information environment in explaining the uncertainty-liquidity relationship. Considering informational transparency and quality of information as two aspects of the information environment, I find that firm-level informational transparency plays a significant role in mitigating EPU's effect on stock liquidity, whereas the quality of information does not.In the second essay, I investigate whether cross-listing a non-U.S. stock in the U.S. reduces the detrimental impact of EPU on the liquidity of that stock. My sample of cross-listed stocks includes the stocks from twenty countries, cross-listed in the U.S. In this essay, I first examine how domestic and U.S. EPUs affect the domestic liquidity of cross-listed stocks relative to their non-cross-listed domestic counterparts. Based on the findings, I document that cross-listing helps mitigate the negative impact of economic policy uncertainty on stock liquidity--literature on cross-listing and liquidity documents that the impact of cross-listing on liquidity is contingent upon country characteristics. Using further analysis, I show that the role of cross-listing in mitigating the negative impact of EPU on domestic liquidity is contingent on home country characteristics. I provide evidence that cross-listing helps mitigate the negative impact for the stocks of developed strong governance countries but not for stocks of emerging and weak governance countries. The role of cross-listing in moderating the relationship between EPU and liquidity is stronger for common law countries relative to civil law countries.In the third essay, I examine the impact of economic policy uncertainty on stock market liquidity. Using a broad sample of twenty-four countries, I focus on the country-level characteristics that affect the EPU-liquidity relationship. Specifically, I study the role of market segmentation, financial development, funding constraint, and the country's governance structure in shaping the above relationship. I find that a country's financial development and its governance mechanism help mitigate EPU's negative effect on stock market liquidity. However, market integration, as captured through trade openness and political stability, worsen the impact.

Two Essays on Stock Market Liquidity

Two Essays on Stock Market Liquidity
Author: Mohamed Abdel-aziz Mekhaimer
Publisher:
Total Pages:
Release: 2014
Genre:
ISBN:
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This dissertation is composed of two essays. In the first essay, we use the introduction of the first transatlantic trading platform NYSE Arca Europe (NAE), as an exogenous shock to examine the impact of market design on commonality in liquidity. We find that commonality in liquidity increases significantly for stocks traded in the NAE, specifically, the introduction of the transatlantic NAE trading platform increases the comovement of NAE stocks with NAE aggregate liquidity while their comovement with the home market aggregate liquidity decreases. Further, we find that the commonality in liquidity remains unchanged for matched non-NAE control sample stocks. Our results are robust to different methods for computing commonality, different liquidity proxies and across size quintiles. We conclude that market design and trading infrastructure has a significant impact on commonality in liquidity. The second essay investigates the impact of internal governance on stock market liquidity. Acharya, Myers and Rajan (2011) develop a model of internal governance where subordinate managers can effectively monitor the CEO to maintain the future of the firm. Using a measure of internal governance based on the difference in horizons between a CEO and his subordinates, we show that firms with better internal governance have lower information asymmetry and higher liquidity. We also show that internal governance is more effective in enhancing liquidity for firms with CEOs close to retirement, firms that require higher firm-specific skills, and firms with experienced subordinate managers. Our results are robust to inclusion of conventional governance measures, alternative model specifications, and different measures of internal governance and liquidity.

Essays on Stock Liquidity

Essays on Stock Liquidity
Author: Francis Sui-Wing Chan
Publisher:
Total Pages: 290
Release: 2000
Genre: Liquidity (Economics)
ISBN:
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