Essays on CEO Overconfidence
| Author | : Neslihan Yilmaz |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 200 |
| Release | : 2009 |
| Genre | : Chief executive officers |
| ISBN | : |
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Essays on CEO Behavior
| Author | : Jackson Mills |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 206 |
| Release | : 2015 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : |
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This dissertation is composed of two essays that examine the feedback between firm financial characteristics and CEO behavioral tendencies. The first essay examines the relationship between CEOs' facial width-to-height ratios (fWHR) and firms' financial policies. Greater facial width is considered to be a masculine physical trait and has been linked to increased aggressive behavior and greater risk tolerance. I find that high-fWHR CEOs pursue more aggressive financial policies, including increased leverage and reduced cash holdings. Additionally, I find that high-fWHR CEOs tend to maintain smaller ownership shares of their firms, suggesting that these CEOs place relatively lower importance on signaling alignment with shareholders. I also show that acquisition attempts led by high-fWHR CEOs are more likely to be unsuccessful. Despite that these managerial characteristics in high-fWHR CEOs are not offset by greater profitability, I find that high-fWHR CEOs do not face a greater risk of forced turnover. In the second essay, I examine CEOs' option-exercise decisions. The retention of deep in-the-money stock options has been ascribed to managers' overconfidence in their ability to increase firm value. I find that this behavior is predicted by non-private firm financial information and macroeconomic conditions. Specifically, managers are more likely to retain deep in-the-money stock options when their firms are more profitable, less financially constrained, and have greater growth opportunities. This behavior is also more frequently exhibited during periods of macroeconomic expansion. Given its apparent reactionary nature, this behavior seems to be a reflection of managers' optimism regarding the near-term financial prospects of their firms and is not necessarily attributable to managerial overconfidence.
Essays in Behavioral Corporate Finance
| Author | : Hui Zheng |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 186 |
| Release | : 2012 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : |
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This dissertation explores the extent to which managerial overconfidence affects corporate decisions. This analysis includes three essays, which address a wide range of corporate decisions including financing, investment, acquisition, innovation, liquidity management and advertising decisions. The first essay introduces a fine-tuned test of the relationship between managerial overconfidence and corporate decisions by taking the chief financial officer (CFO) overconfidence effect into account. Ex-ante, I identify financial policies and non-financial policies such as investment, innovation and acquisition as the primary managerial duties of CFOs and chief executive officers (CEOs) respectively. I construct overconfidence measures for both CEOs and CFOs and test the impact of CEO and CFO overconfidence, both on financial decisions and on nonfinancial decisions. Based on a sample of 1,173 S & P 1500 firms, I find that financial policies are primarily affected by CFO overconfidence while only CEO overconfidence affects nonfinancial decisions. My findings demonstrate that managerial biases affect corporate decisions and managerial duties shape the ways in which top managers influence corporate policies. The second essay investigates how overconfident CEOs allocate resources toward innovation activities. It argues that overconfident CEOs tend to have greater innovation input. To finance innovation, they save more cash out of the cash flow and spend more on innovation when the cash flow is high. Results from an empirical analysis of 1,015 S & P 1500 firms support this argument. Moreover, based on a series of financial constraint measurements, the effect of CEO overconfidence on liquidity management is found to be more pronounced in financially constrained firms and in highly innovative firms, but not in firms without financial constraints. With regards to innovation performance, overconfident CEOs tend to have more patents, but the overall quality of their patents is not significantly better than that of rational CEOs. The third essay introduces a simple model of firm advertising behavior in monopolistic competition industries and applies it to the situation of managerial overconfidence. The model shows that the optimal advertising to sales ratio is determined by both firm advertising competency and consumer preference. Overconfident CEOs are more willing to use advertising as a means to convey the quality of their firms and products. Such overestimation of the effects of advertising by overconfident CEOs will result in overspending on advertising. When financially constrained, an overconfident CEO's tendency to overspend will be curbed to some extent, but his amount of advertising will increase with cash flows. An empirical analysis of 654 S & P 1500 firms supports these predictions. The distorted effect of managerial overconfidence is more prominent when firms are financially constrained and when the overconfidence measure is continuous.
Executive Compensation: Empirical Essays on the Antecedents and the Consequences, and the Role of Executive Personality
| Author | : Steffen Florian Burkert |
| Publisher | : BoD – Books on Demand |
| Total Pages | : 233 |
| Release | : 2023-03-10 |
| Genre | : Business & Economics |
| ISBN | : 3947095104 |
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Top managers have a significant impact on organizations because they are responsible for the formulation and implementation of corporate strategies, have the visibility and influence to shape the opinions of internal and external stakeholders, and coin the culture of their organizations, affecting employees at every level of the organization. Research has focused on the drivers and consequences of top managers' actions, with a particular focus on executive compensation, but important questions remain unanswered. This dissertation contributes to the literature on top executives by examining the antecedents of executive compensation, the influence of executive compensation on executive behavior, and the interplay of executive compensation and top executive personality. The first study introduces the role of compensation benchmarking for determining executive compensation to the management literature. It finds that benchmarking leads to compensation convergence. The second study examines the impact of executive compensation complexity on firm performance. The results show that compensation complexity is negatively related to accounting-based, market-based, and ESG-based metric of firm performance. The third study explores the implications of relative performance evaluation (RPE) on the imitation behavior of firms. It finds that the introduction of RPE is positively related to the imitation of the strategic actions of peer firms. The fourth study contributes to the growing literature on the impact of corporate social performance (CSP) goals in CEO contracts. Specifically, it examines how and when CSP incentives influence the CEO's attention to corporate social responsibility topics. The final essay examines the role of CEO personality; it finds that differences in CEO personality explain differences in the level of strategic conformity. Taken together, the essays in this dissertation make a significant contribution to the scholarly discourse on the influence of top managers on their companies. The empirical evidence presented expands the current understanding of how top executives affect strategic firm behaviors, and it provides insights for policymakers, managers, and investors.
Two Essays on Mergers and Acquisitions
| Author | : Dongnyoung Kim |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : |
| Release | : 2013 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : |
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In the first essay, we examine the link between CEOs political ideology - conservatism - and their firms' investment decisions. We focus on the effect of CEO conservatism on M&A decisions. Our evidence indicates that politically conservative CEOs are less likely to engage in M&A activities. When they do undertake acquisitions, their firms are more likely to use cash as the method of payment, and the target firms are more likely to be public firms and to be from the same industry. Conditional on the merger, CEO conservatism appears to have a significantly positive impact on long-run firm valuation. However, we find no evidence that conservative CEOs create value in the short run. All our results hold after controlling for CEO overconfidence. In the second essay, we investigate the impact of difference in local political ideologies between acquirers and targets on the likelihood of deal completion and announcement returns over the period of 1981-2009. We posit that increase in political ideology distance between acquirer and target leads to greater risks/costs associated with the integration process. This increase in distance is less likely to allow for the completion of deals and elicit less favorable market response to merger announcements. We find that when political ideology distance between acquirer and target in a merger are minimal, deals are more likely to be completed. We also find that acquirer which are politically proximate to their targets earn significantly higher returns than distant acquirers. After controlling for the geographic effect and other determinants of announcement returns, the political ideology effect still exists. Overall, the evidence suggests that corporate political ideology plays an important role in completing deals and determining announcement returns.
Essays on Corporate Governance
| Author | : Shuai Wang |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 96 |
| Release | : 2017 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : |
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Recent literature provide widespread and robust evidence on the impact of corporate governance. Ownership structure and management characteristics are among the center of the debate. Empirical studies report conflicting evidence regarding the information environment of public family-controlled firms. We use staggered exogenous shocks to the information environment to test whether family control influences corporate disclosure. After an exogenous decrease in the information environment, we find that family firms provide greater, more informative, and more rapidly produced disclosures than their nonfamily peer firms. Family control increases the likelihood of voluntary disclosure by 190% relative to nonfamily firms after a negative information shock. These disclosure increases occur across founder-, descendant-, and externally- led family firms, suggesting families possess strong incentives to protect the firm's information environment. Beyond ownership structure, I examine the relation of CEO overconfidence on compensation incentive. My findings suggest that the cost-reduction hypothesis applies when firms offer higher incentive to overconfident CEOs to exploit their positively biased views of firm performance; risk-reduction hypothesis dominates when CEOs are extremely overconfident, where firms offer reduced compensation convexity to lower CEO's excessive risk-taking incentive. Extremely overconfident CEOs receive less convex compensation than moderately overconfident CEOs and this relation amplifies with history of value-destroying acquisition and better corporate governance.
Overconfidence. Review of its Economic Implications
| Author | : Stefan Dietrich |
| Publisher | : GRIN Verlag |
| Total Pages | : 23 |
| Release | : 2018-05-02 |
| Genre | : Psychology |
| ISBN | : 3668695253 |
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Essay from the year 2017 in the subject Psychology - Work, Business, Organisation, grade: 1,00, University of Mannheim, course: Behavioral Economics Seminar, language: English, abstract: Overconfidence is believed to be one of the most widespread behavioral biases. Empirical evidence supports this argument in many instances and differentiates between various forms and manifestations. Whether this is in sum economically negative for the individual or society remains unanswered in the literature. I analyze the economic implications of overconfidence based on recent research and connects them to reasons and viable solutions to overcome this bias in certain areas of the economic realm: consumer choices, market entry and decision making of firms, financial markets and bubbles.
CEO overconfidence and innovation
| Author | : Alberto Galasso |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 44 |
| Release | : 2010 |
| Genre | : Chief executive officers |
| ISBN | : |
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CEO Overconfidence and the Probability of Bankruptcy
| Author | : Ruhul Amin |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 0 |
| Release | : 2022 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : |
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This thesis examines the relation between CEO overconfidence and the probability of bankruptcy. In addition to the main research question, we develop two additional hypotheses. We evaluate the potential link or channel between CEO overconfidence and the probability of bankruptcy. In the relationship between CEO overconfidence and the probability of bankruptcy, we seek for any interaction effects of CEO dominance. It is not uncommon for CEOs to be overconfident about their firms' prospects. In our sample, we use data from the year 2000 to 2019 for US companies. We proxy the bankruptcy probability using Altman's Z Score. We use a stock option-driven measure of overconfidence, and this measure assumes that non-overconfident CEO will exercise their stock options if it is in the money, while overconfident CEOs will hold stock options beyond a rational threshold. We construct both continuous and indicator-based measures of overconfidence to test the hypotheses. The empirical findings reveal that CEO overconfidence increases the probability of bankruptcy. We do not find any evidence in favor of overinvestment which we consider as a channel through which overconfidence leads to increased bankruptcy risk. We also find that dominant and overconfident CEOs are suited for innovative firms, implying that giving an overconfident CEO a dominant position can minimize a firm's probability of bankruptcy. The implications of this study are that firms should be cautious in hiring overconfident CEO and they should take measures to reduce the negative effects of CEO overconfidence like the probability of bankruptcy. One way to reduce the probability of bankruptcy in innovative firms is to appoint overconfident CEO into a dominant position.
Essays in External Corporate Governance
| Author | : Abhishek Ganguly |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 183 |
| Release | : 2020 |
| Genre | : Chief executive officers |
| ISBN | : |
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My dissertation comprises three essays that address several unanswered and unsettled questions on the role of institutional investors as external monitors. In the first chapter titled, "Media and Shareholder Activism," using more than twenty-five million firm-level media articles, I examine the role of media in shareholder activism events from 2002 to 2014. I find that conditioning on numerous observable firm-specific characteristics and unobservables, broader and negative ex-ante media coverage, is positively associated with the probability of a firm being a shareholder activist's target. I further document that media coverage also plays a crucial role in determining the outcomes of activism events. Target firms with ex-ante positive media coverage not only have significantly lower announcement returns but also have a higher likelihood of management winning. The second chapter titled, "CEO Overconfidence and Shareholder Activism," relies on extensive behavioral corporate finance theory and empirically explores whether managerial overconfidence is associated with hedge-fund activists' target selection and activism outcomes. Predictions from theoretical models point in different directions: activists mitigate overconfidence or activists avoid overconfident managers. We find evidence that hedge-fund activists are less likely to target firms with overconfident CEOs, after controlling for various firm and CEO characteristics and fixed effects. In the third chapter, "Hedge Fund Activism and Capital Structure," using a comprehensive sample of hedge-fund activism from 1994 to 2018 in the U.S., and closest propensity score-matched firms, we study whether hedge-fund activists influence the capital structures of targeted firms. We find that for over-levered firms, there is a significant positive association between firms' distance away from the target leverage and their likelihood of being targeted by an activist hedge-fund. However, rebalancing of leverage toward their target debt ratios post-hedge fund activist intervention is observed only among under-levered firms. Our findings are broadly consistent with the dynamic trade-off models of capital structure, where adjustment costs and agency benefits of leverage play a crucial role.
