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| Author | : Sunil Kumar |
| Publisher | : VDM Publishing |
| Total Pages | : 156 |
| Release | : 2008 |
| Genre | : Science |
| ISBN | : 9783836488884 |
| Author | : Jurek Kolasa |
| Publisher | : Springer Science & Business Media |
| Total Pages | : 344 |
| Release | : 2012-12-06 |
| Genre | : Science |
| ISBN | : 1461230624 |
An attractive, promising, and frustrating feature of ecology is its complex ity, both conceptual and observational. Increasing acknowledgment of the importance of scale testifies to the shifting focus in large areas of ecology. In the rush to explore problems of scale, another general aspect of ecolog ical systems has been given less attention. This aspect, equally important, is heterogeneity. Its importance lies in the ubiquity of heterogeneity as a feature of ecological systems and in the number of questions it raises questions to which answers are not readily available. What is heterogeneity? Does it differ from complexity? What dimensions need be considered to evaluate heterogeneity ade quately? Can heterogeneity be measured at various scales? Is heterogeneity apart of organization of ecological systems? How does it change in time and space? What are the causes of heterogeneity and causes of its change? This volume attempts to answer these questions. It is devoted to iden tification of the meaning, range of applications, problems, and methodol ogy associated with the study of heterogeneity. The coverage is thus broad and rich, and the contributing authors have been encouraged to range widely in discussions and reflections. vi Preface The chapters are grouped into themes. The first group focuses on the conceptual foundations (Chapters 1-5). These papers exarnine the meaning of the term, historical developments, and relations to scale. The second theme is modeling population and interspecific interactions in hetero geneous environments (Chapters 6 and 7).
| Author | : Sunil Kumar |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 160 |
| Release | : 2007 |
| Genre | : Butterflies |
| ISBN | : 9780549049289 |
Spatial heterogeneity may have differential effects on the distribution of native and nonnative plant and butterfly species richness and their interactions. These effects may be scale dependent and may vary for different levels of biological organizations (e.g., landscape-level versus land cover type level native and nonnative plant species richness, or total versus family level butterfly species richness). I quantified spatial heterogeneity in vegetation, soil, topography, and landscape patterns (composition and configuration) in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, and related it to native and nonnative plant and butterfly species richness. The landscape metrics represented five components of landscape heterogeneity and were measured at multiple spatial extents (within varying radii) around sample plots (20 x 50 m) using FRAGSTATS landscape pattern analysis program. Akaike's Information Criterion adjusted for small sample size (AICc) was used to select the best models from a set of multiple linear regression models developed for native and nonnative plant and butterfly species richness at multiple spatial extents and different levels of biological organizations. For plant species, the best models explained 43% of the variation in native plant species richness and 70% of the variation in nonnative plant species richness at 240-m spatial extent. For butterfly species, the best model explained 62% of the variation in total butterfly species richness (2100-m spatial extent). Native and nonnative plant and butterfly species richness predictive models were significantly improved by including landscape metrics in addition to variables representing vegetation, soil and topographic heterogeneity. The role of spatial autocorrelation in native-exotic plant species richness relationships was also investigated. Principal coordinates of neighbor matrices (PCNM) approach and conditional autoregressive regression (CAR) were used to quantify broad-scale spatial dependence and fine-scale spatial autocorrelation, respectively. Modified variation partitioning showed that 'space' and 'spatially structured environmental processes' are relatively more important in shaping the native-exotic plant species richness relationships than native plant species richness alone. This study offers an approach to quantify spatial heterogeneity and spatial autocorrelation, and the results suggest that wider landscape context should be considered in managing native and nonnative plant and butterfly species.
| Author | : Jordi Bascompte |
| Publisher | : Springer |
| Total Pages | : 262 |
| Release | : 1998 |
| Genre | : Mathematics |
| ISBN | : |
Throughout its history, ecology has largely been a descriptive science. Scientists are in need of a theoretical framework that will assist in the understanding of observed patterns, and will serve as a predictive tool. Since ecological systems are dynamic and spatially extended, it is particularly important to understand the processes underlying spatiotemporal patterns. This book reviews one of the newest and most important areas of theoretical ecology: the study of spatiotemporal dynamics by means of a spatially explicit approximation that allows the investigation of the effects of real space.
| Author | : |
| Publisher | : Academic Press |
| Total Pages | : 449 |
| Release | : 2012-12-02 |
| Genre | : Science |
| ISBN | : 0323139272 |
There is a new emerging interest in the effects of gaps and patches on succession and biodiversity. This innovative volume is a synthesis of studies of plant responses to temporal and spatial heterogeneity, the exploitation of resources from pulses and patches by plants, and their competition with neighbors in the face of this variability.Aboveground, the book focuses upon the nature of canopy patchiness, consequences of this heterogeneity for the light environment, and the mechanisms by which plants respond to and exploit this patchiness. Belowground, the text explores the heterogeneity of soil environments and how root systems obtain nutrients and water in the context of this temporal and spatial variability. As a new reference in an evolving and growing field, this text is sure to be a valuable tool for researchers and advanced students in plant physiology, ecology, agronomy, and forestry alike.
| Author | : David B. Lindenmayer |
| Publisher | : Island Press |
| Total Pages | : 349 |
| Release | : 2013-02-22 |
| Genre | : Nature |
| ISBN | : 159726606X |
Habitat loss and degradation that comes as a result of human activity is the single biggest threat to biodiversity in the world today. Habitat Fragmentation and Landscape Change is a groundbreaking work that brings together a wealth of information from a wide range of sources to define the ecological problems caused by landscape change and to highlight the relationships among landscape change, habitat fragmentation, and biodiversity conservation. The book: synthesizes a large body of information from the scientific literature considers key theoretical principles for examining and predicting effects examines the range of effects that can arise explores ways of mitigating impacts reviews approaches to studying the problem discusses knowledge gaps and future areas for research and management Habitat Fragmentation and Landscape Change offers a unique mix of theoretical and practical information, outlining general principles and approaches and illustrating those principles with case studies from around the world. It represents a definitive overview and synthesis on the full range of topics that fall under the widely used but often vaguely defined term "habitat fragmentation."
| Author | : British Ecological Society. Symposium |
| Publisher | : Cambridge University Press |
| Total Pages | : 454 |
| Release | : 2000-08 |
| Genre | : Nature |
| ISBN | : 9780521549356 |
A wide-ranging review of the effects of heterogeneity on individuals, populations, communities and biodiversity.
| Author | : David Tilman |
| Publisher | : Princeton University Press |
| Total Pages | : 368 |
| Release | : 2018-06-05 |
| Genre | : Science |
| ISBN | : 069118836X |
Spatial Ecology addresses the fundamental effects of space on the dynamics of individual species and on the structure, dynamics, diversity, and stability of multispecies communities. Although the ecological world is unavoidably spatial, there have been few attempts to determine how explicit considerations of space may alter the predictions of ecological models, or what insights it may give into the causes of broad-scale ecological patterns. As this book demonstrates, the spatial structure of a habitat can fundamentally alter both the qualitative and quantitative dynamics and outcomes of ecological processes. Spatial Ecology highlights the importance of space to five topical areas: stability, patterns of diversity, invasions, coexistence, and pattern generation. It illustrates both the diversity of approaches used to study spatial ecology and the underlying similarities of these approaches. Over twenty contributors address issues ranging from the persistence of endangered species, to the maintenance of biodiversity, to the dynamics of hosts and their parasitoids, to disease dynamics, multispecies competition, population genetics, and fundamental processes relevant to all these cases. There have been many recent advances in our understanding of the influence of spatially explicit processes on individual species and on multispecies communities. This book synthesizes these advances, shows the limitations of traditional, non-spatial approaches, and offers a variety of new approaches to spatial ecology that should stimulate ecological research.
| Author | : |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : |
| Release | : |
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| Author | : Jack Siegrist |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 154 |
| Release | : 2006 |
| Genre | : Biodiversity |
| ISBN | : |
