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| Author | : |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : |
| Release | : 2018 |
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| ISBN | : |
| Author | : Ayanna K. Thomas |
| Publisher | : Cambridge University Press |
| Total Pages | : 1019 |
| Release | : 2020-05-28 |
| Genre | : Psychology |
| ISBN | : 1108690742 |
Decades of research have demonstrated that normal aging is accompanied by cognitive change. Much of this change has been conceptualized as a decline in function. However, age-related changes are not universal, and decrements in older adult performance may be moderated by experience, genetics, and environmental factors. Cognitive aging research to date has also largely emphasized biological changes in the brain, with less evaluation of the range of external contributors to behavioral manifestations of age-related decrements in performance. This handbook provides a comprehensive overview of cutting-edge cognitive aging research through the lens of a life course perspective that takes into account both behavioral and neural changes. Focusing on the fundamental principles that characterize a life course approach - genetics, early life experiences, motivation, emotion, social contexts, and lifestyle interventions - this handbook is an essential resource for researchers in cognition, aging, and gerontology.
| Author | : Yaakov Stern |
| Publisher | : Psychology Press |
| Total Pages | : 439 |
| Release | : 2013-05-13 |
| Genre | : Psychology |
| ISBN | : 113495445X |
Cognitive reserve has emerged as a powerful concept for interpreting individual differences in susceptibility to, and recovery from, brain injury or pathology. Underlying cognitive reserve is the idea that individual differences in how cognitive tasks are mediated in the brain allow some people to cope with pathology to a greater degree than others. Cognitive Reserve: Theory and Applications describes in depth the source of these individual differences. This volume provides a comprehensive review of theory, research and clinical application of the cognitive reserve. Chapters explore the theoretical underpinnings of cognitive reserve, and evidence for its existence. Various approaches for studying this concept are addressed, including epidemiologic, cognitive experimental, and neuroimaging. Possible genetic and physiologic underpinnings of cognitive reserve are presented. Application of this concept to a wide range of situations, including child development, aging, Alzheimer’s disease, stroke, HIV, and head injury is discussed. The result is an up-to-date, global treatment of cognitive reserve that will be of interest to someone new to the concept or the experienced investigator.
| Author | : Timothy A. Salthouse |
| Publisher | : Psychology Press |
| Total Pages | : 451 |
| Release | : 2016-03-23 |
| Genre | : Psychology |
| ISBN | : 1317717295 |
The phenomenon of age-related cognitive decline has long been controversial, both in terms of mere existence, and with respect to how it is explained. Some researchers have dismissed it as an artifact of declining health or lower levels of education, and others have attributed it to general changes occurring in the external environment. Still other interpretations have been based on the "use it or lose it" principle -- known as the Disuse Hypothesis -- or on the idea that there are qualitative differences in either the structure or the process of cognition across the adult years. Perhaps the most popular approach at present relies on the information-processing perspective and attempts to identify the critical processing component most responsible for age-related differences in cognition. The primary purposes of this book are first to review the evidence of age-related differences in cognitive functioning and then to evaluate the major explanations proposed to account for the negative relations between age and cognition that have been established. Included is a discussion of theoretical dimensions and levels of scientific theorizing assumed to be helpful in understanding and evaluating alternative perspectives on cognitive aging. The various perspectives are then covered in detail and analyzed. The text concludes with observations about the progress that has been made in explaining cognitive aging phenomena, plus recommendations for research practices that might contribute to greater progress in the future.
| Author | : Institute of Medicine |
| Publisher | : National Academies Press |
| Total Pages | : 300 |
| Release | : 2015-07-21 |
| Genre | : Medical |
| ISBN | : 0309368650 |
For most Americans, staying "mentally sharp" as they age is a very high priority. Declines in memory and decision-making abilities may trigger fears of Alzheimer's disease or other neurodegenerative diseases. However, cognitive aging is a natural process that can have both positive and negative effects on cognitive function in older adults - effects that vary widely among individuals. At this point in time, when the older population is rapidly growing in the United States and across the globe, it is important to examine what is known about cognitive aging and to identify and promote actions that individuals, organizations, communities, and society can take to help older adults maintain and improve their cognitive health. Cognitive Aging assesses the public health dimensions of cognitive aging with an emphasis on definitions and terminology, epidemiology and surveillance, prevention and intervention, education of health professionals, and public awareness and education. This report makes specific recommendations for individuals to reduce the risks of cognitive decline with aging. Aging is inevitable, but there are actions that can be taken by individuals, families, communities, and society that may help to prevent or ameliorate the impact of aging on the brain, understand more about its impact, and help older adults live more fully and independent lives. Cognitive aging is not just an individual or a family or a health care system challenge. It is an issue that affects the fabric of society and requires actions by many and varied stakeholders. Cognitive Aging offers clear steps that individuals, families, communities, health care providers and systems, financial organizations, community groups, public health agencies, and others can take to promote cognitive health and to help older adults live fuller and more independent lives. Ultimately, this report calls for a societal commitment to cognitive aging as a public health issue that requires prompt action across many sectors.
| Author | : Ashita S. Gurnani |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 204 |
| Release | : 2014 |
| Genre | : Alzheimer's disease |
| ISBN | : |
| Author | : Lisa D. Ravdin |
| Publisher | : Springer Science & Business Media |
| Total Pages | : 525 |
| Release | : 2012-09-14 |
| Genre | : Psychology |
| ISBN | : 1461431050 |
With the aging of the baby boomers and medical advances that promote longevity, older adults are rapidly becoming the fastest growing segment of the population. As the population ages, so does the incidence of age related disorders. Many predict that 15% - 20% of the baby-boomer generation will develop some form of cognitive decline over the course of their lifetime, with estimates escalating to up to 50% in those achieving advanced age. Although much attention has been directed at Alzheimer’s disease, the most common form of dementia, it is estimated that nearly one third of those cases of cognitive decline result from other neuropathological mechanisms. In fact, many patients diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease likely have co-morbid disorders that can also influence cognition (i.e., vascular cognitive impairment), suggesting mixed dementias are grossly under diagnosed. The Clinical Handbook on the Neuropsychology of Aging and Dementia is a unique work that provides clinicians with expert guidance and a hands-on approach to neuropsychological practice with older adults. The book will be divided into two sections, the first addressing special considerations for the evaluation of older adults, and the second half focusing on common referral questions likely to be encountered when working with this age group. The authors of the chapters are experts and are recognized by their peers as opinion leaders in their chosen chapter topics. The field of neuropsychology has played a critical role in developing methods for early identification of late life cognitive disorders as well as the differential diagnosis of dementia. Neuropsychological assessment provides valuable clinical information regarding the nature and severity of cognitive symptoms associated with dementia. Each chapter will reinforce the notion that neuropsychological measures provide the clinician with sensitive tools to differentiate normal age-related cognitive decline from disease-associated impairment, aid in differential diagnosis of cognitive dysfunction in older adults, as well as identify cognitive deficits most likely to translate into functional impairments in everyday life.
| Author | : Gonia Jarema |
| Publisher | : BRILL |
| Total Pages | : 245 |
| Release | : 2007-07-01 |
| Genre | : Language Arts & Disciplines |
| ISBN | : 0080548695 |
This volume reflects a consensus that the investigation of words in the mind offers a unique opportunity to understand both human language ability and general human cognition. It brings together key perspectives on the fundamental nature of the representation and processing of words in the mind. This thematic volume covers a wide range of views on the fundamental nature of representation and processing of words in the mind and a range of views on the investigative techniques that are most likely to reveal that nature. It provides an overview of issues and developments in the field. It uncovers the processes of word recognition. It develops new models of lexical processing.
| Author | : Yen Yu Lo |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 170 |
| Release | : 2012 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : |
The cognitive spectrum between normal aging and dementia is broad. Many terms including mild cognitive impairment (MCI) have been developed to identify a group of people at the transitional phase for early detection of Alzheimer disease (AD). The lack of biomarker based criteria and the dependence on the sociocultural context result in great variability in case definition. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) serve as three important tools to track biological changes in AD. The Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) provides the infrastructure for investigators to examine the longitudinal patterns of CSF, PET and MRI biomarkers at different cognitive stages. The dissertation first delineated the biomarker changes over time in relation to cognitive decline in ADNI and found that the trajectories support a hypothetical sequence of AD pathology, suggesting that biomarker prediction for cognitive change is stage dependent. Missingness is common but often overlooked in longitudinal studies of AD. The mechanism of missing data is often assumed to be missing completely at random. The second aim of the dissertation is to test this assumption. The missing biomarker data in ADNI were found not completely at random but rather conditional on certain clinical features. Understanding the missing data structure may help in the design of future longitudinal studies and clinical trials in AD. Cognitive reserve has been proposed to account for the discordance between cognitive performance and AD pathology. The long held viewpoint is that cognitive reserve affects the clinical expression but has no direct effect on AD pathology. This viewpoint was re-examined in the dissertation. The results showed that higher cognitive reserve indexed by education and other proxies was associated with slower rates of AD pathological deterioration, particularly among cognitively normal elderly people. These findings suggest that the pathological course of AD can be modified by cognitive reserve. Many cardiovascular risk factors increase the risk of AD. Vascular dysfunction reduces brain reserve or threshold of cognitive impairment. Whether the underlying mechanism also involves impairment of cerebral amyloid clearance remains controversial. Vascular burden, indexed by cardiovascular risk profile and MRI white matter hyperintensities, was not significantly associated with rates of AD biomarker changes, suggesting that typical AD pathology, presumably reflective of amyloid accumulation, appears to be independent of vascular burden. In conclusion, CSF and imaging markers change over time at different rates in aging and dementia and the missing data are conditional on certain clinical features during follow-ups. Education and other cognitive reserve surrogates may have direct effects on AD pathological progression while vascular burden may influence cognitive function via its own pathway independent of amyloid deposition. Considering the longitudinal effect of cognitive reserve and the potential to control vascular risks, AD can be a preventable disease.
| Author | : Chu-Chung Huang |
| Publisher | : Frontiers Media SA |
| Total Pages | : 135 |
| Release | : 2022-11-02 |
| Genre | : Science |
| ISBN | : 2832503411 |
