Convective Clouds as Tracers of Air Motion
Author | : Lester F. Hubert |
Publisher | : |
Total Pages | : 118 |
Release | : 1972 |
Genre | : Clouds |
ISBN | : |
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Author | : Lester F. Hubert |
Publisher | : |
Total Pages | : 118 |
Release | : 1972 |
Genre | : Clouds |
ISBN | : |
Author | : Lester F. Hubert |
Publisher | : |
Total Pages | : 12 |
Release | : 1972 |
Genre | : Clouds |
ISBN | : |
Author | : J. A. .et al Young |
Publisher | : |
Total Pages | : 14 |
Release | : 1973 |
Genre | : METROMEX. |
ISBN | : |
Author | : |
Publisher | : |
Total Pages | : 34 |
Release | : 1972 |
Genre | : Artificial satellites in geographical research |
ISBN | : |
Author | : |
Publisher | : |
Total Pages | : 796 |
Release | : 1984 |
Genre | : Meteorology |
ISBN | : |
Author | : Shouting Gao |
Publisher | : Springer Science & Business Media |
Total Pages | : 213 |
Release | : 2008-04-03 |
Genre | : Science |
ISBN | : 1402082762 |
Clouds and cloud systems and their interactions with larger scales of motion, radiation, and the Earth’s surface are extremely important parts of weather and climate systems. Their treatment in weather forecast and climate models is a significant source of errors and uncertainty. As computer power increases, it is beginning to be possible to explicitly resolve cloud and precipitation processes in these models, presenting opportunities for improving precipitation forecasts and larger-scale phenomena such as tropical cyclones which depend critically on cloud and precipitation physics. This book by Professor Shouting Gao of the Institute of Atmospheric Physics in Beijing and Xiaofan Li of NOAA’s National Environmental Satellite Data and Information Services (NESDIS) presents an update and review of results of high-resolution, mostly two-dimensional models of clouds and precipitation and their interactions with larger scales of motion and the Earth’s surface. It provides a thorough description of cloud and precipitation physics, including basic governing equations and related physics, such as phase changes of water, radiation and mixing. Model results are compared with observations from the 1992-93 Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean Atmosphere Response Experiment (TOGA COARE) experiment. The importance of the ocean to tropical convective systems is clearly shown here in the numerical results of simulations with their air-sea coupled modeling system. While the focus is on tropical convection, the methodology and applicability can be extended to cloud and precipitation processes elsewhere. The results described in this well-written book form a solid foundation for future high-resolution model weather forecasts and climate simulations that resolve clouds explicitly in three dimensions—a future that has great promise for the understanding and prediction of weather and climate for the great benefit of society.
Author | : |
Publisher | : |
Total Pages | : 1224 |
Release | : 1988 |
Genre | : Power resources |
ISBN | : |
Author | : |
Publisher | : |
Total Pages | : 1074 |
Release | : 1979 |
Genre | : Aeronautics |
ISBN | : |
Author | : Jing Yang |
Publisher | : |
Total Pages | : 173 |
Release | : 2018 |
Genre | : Convection (Meteorology) |
ISBN | : 9780438434424 |
Convective clouds are important to global energy balance and water cycle because they dynamically couple the planetary boundary layer to the free troposphere through vertical transport of heat, moisture, and mass. Vertical air motion and ice generation control the life cycle and precipitation efficiency in convective clouds, however, they are still not well understood. This study aims to improve our understandings of vertical air motion and phase partitioning in convective clouds using aircraft measurements and model simulations, and to evaluate and improve parameterizations of ice generation in numerical models. There are two main parts in this study, in the first part, the vertical velocity and air mass flux in isolated convective clouds are statistically analyzed using airborne measurements from three field campaigns: High-Plains Cumulus (HiCu) conducted over the mid-latitude High Plains, COnvective Precipitation Experiment (COPE) conducted in a mid-latitude coastal area, and Ice in Clouds Experiment-Tropical (ICE-T) conducted over a tropical ocean. The results show small-scale updrafts and downdrafts ( 500 m in diameter) are frequently observed in the three field campaigns, and they make important contributions to the total air mass flux. The probability density functions (PDFs) of vertical velocity and air mass flux are exponentially distributed, and the updrafts generally strengthen with height. Relatively strong updrafts ( 20 m s−1) were observed in COPE and ICE-T, and the observed downdrafts are stronger in HiCu and COPE than in ICE-T. In the second part, the particle size distributions (PSDs) and liquid-ice partitioning in tropical maritime convective clouds are studied using observations from ICE-T and numerical models. The airborne measurements show the liquid fraction between 0 C and -15 C decreases by a factor of about 3 in developing convective clouds, and a factor of 2 in mature clouds. In dissipating clouds, ice dominates in all temperature ranges. The airborne observations are used to evaluate the simulations using a parcel model and WRF with spectral bin microphysics (SBM). The results show there are two main differences between the modelled and observed results: 1) The modelled ice concentrations are significantly underestimated. Based on previous laboratory experiments and constraints from aircraft measurements, drop freezing-splinter (FS) and droplet collisional freezing (CF) mechanisms are parameterized and tested using a parcel model and WRF. With FS and CF implemented, the modelled PSDs and liquid-ice mass partitioning are more consistent with aircraft observations, suggesting FS and CF mechanisms are potentially important to the ice production in convective clouds. 2) The modelled ice PSDs in strong updrafts between -7 °C and -10 °C are much broader than the observation. To interpret this difference, the freezing times of supercooled drops are calculated. The results indicate drop freezing is not instantaneous, and it is longer for large drops than for small drops. This offers a feasible explanation for the temperature-dependent ice size evolution in strong updrafts.
Author | : Carl Braun |
Publisher | : |
Total Pages | : 24 |
Release | : 1975 |
Genre | : Atmospheric physics |
ISBN | : |