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Cold Atom Interferometry for Earth Observation

Cold Atom Interferometry for Earth Observation
Author:
Publisher:
Total Pages:
Release: 2020
Genre:
ISBN: 9789276216865
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This report provides an assessment on cold atom interferometry (CAI) gravity sensing for Earth Observation (EO), and is intended as an instrument to facilitate the interactions between the different communities involved in the definition of a related satellite mission. Indeed, the definition of the objectives of future gravity missions and of the technologies needed for their implementation is the result of complex negotiations and compromises: geodesy and geophysics researchers detail the scientific requirements dictated by their investigation areas (e.g. solid Earth dynamics, ocean mass and heat transport, ice sheets and glaciers evolution), policymakers express their concerns and their priorities (e.g. natural hazards risk assessment, ground water monitoring, floods and droughts forecast), engineers and technology experts devise and implement the most suitable techniques to actually build the satellite and its gravity sensing payload. As we will show in this report, the scientific consensus is that the scientific objectives of a next generation gravity mission (NGGM) to be deployed within a ~10 year timeframe can be achieved by upgrading established technologies already used in gravity-measuring satellites. Transformative technologies such as CAI-based gravity sensors leveraging Bose Einstein Condensates (BEC) of ultra-cold atoms may come to play a role in the longer term, provided that several technology challenges are overcome; in addition, further interdisciplinary work and the simulation of detailed mission scenarios are needed to fully establish their actual usefulness with regards to the attainment of future gravity missions scientific objectives. The scientific community seems to agree on the opportunity of an intermediate stepping stone, which could take the form of a scientific mission with a dedicated satellite, in order to test and prove the in-space feasibility and the actual usefulness of CAI-based gravity sensors.

Cold Atom Interferometry Sensors

Cold Atom Interferometry Sensors
Author:
Publisher:
Total Pages:
Release: 2020
Genre:
ISBN: 9789276204053
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This report describes the physical principles underpinning cold atom interferometry (CAI) and shows how they can be leveraged to develop high-performance inertial and gravity sensors; the distinguishing properties and the maturity level of such sensors will also be assessed. Proof-of-principles demonstrations have been made for CAI-based accelerometers and gyroscopes, which can enable long-term autonomous navigation and precise positioning for ships, submarines, and satellites. CAI-based gravimeters and gravity gradiometers have been developed and are being tested on the ground; satellite-based systems could in the future be used to monitor the Earth gravity field. This would allow a better understanding of several geophysical and climate phenomena which require long-term policies solidly supported by data. Quantum sensors based on cold atom interferometry may therefore impact existing and future EU programmes on space, defence, and Earth observation. This report provides background knowledge of the field to a non-specialist audience, and in particular to EU policymakers involved in technology support and potential applications.

Gravity, Geoid and Earth Observation

Gravity, Geoid and Earth Observation
Author: Stelios P. Mertikas
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Total Pages: 682
Release: 2010-06-25
Genre: Science
ISBN: 364210634X
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These Proceedings include the written version of papers presented at the IAG International Symposium on "Gravity, Geoid and Earth Observation 2008". The Symposium was held in Chania, Crete, Greece, 23-27 June 2008 and organized by the Laboratory of Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering, Technical University of Crete, Greece. The meeting was arranged by the International Association of Geodesy and in particular by the IAG Commission 2: Gravity Field. The symposium aimed at bringing together geodesists and geophysicists working in the general areas of gravity, geoid, geodynamics and Earth observation. Besides covering the traditional research areas, special attention was paid to the use of geodetic methods for: Earth observation, environmental monitoring, Global Geodetic Observing System (GGOS), Earth Gravity Models (e.g., EGM08), geodynamics studies, dedicated gravity satellite missions (i.e., GOCE), airborne gravity surveys, Geodesy and geodynamics in polar regions, and the integration of geodetic and geophysical information.

Atom Interferometry

Atom Interferometry
Author: G.M. Tino
Publisher: IOS Press
Total Pages: 807
Release: 2014-10-16
Genre: Science
ISBN: 161499448X
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Since atom interferometers were first realized about 20 years ago, atom interferometry has had many applications in basic and applied science, and has been used to measure gravity acceleration, rotations and fundamental physical quantities with unprecedented precision. Future applications range from tests of general relativity to the development of next-generation inertial navigation systems. This book presents the lectures and notes from the Enrico Fermi school "Atom Interferometry", held in Varenna, Italy, in July 2013. The aim of the school was to cover basic experimental and theoretical aspects and to provide an updated review of current activities in the field as well as main achievements, open issues and future prospects. Topics covered include theoretical background and experimental schemes for atom interferometry; ultracold atoms and atom optics; comparison of atom, light, electron and neutron interferometers and their applications; high precision measurements with atom interferometry and their application to tests of fundamental physics, gravitation, inertial measurements and geophysics; measurement of fundamental constants; interferometry with quantum degenerate gases; matter wave interferometry beyond classical limits; large area interferometers; atom interferometry on chips; and interferometry with molecules. The book will be a valuable source of reference for students, newcomers and experts in the field of atom interferometry.

Ultra-high Vacuum Systems for Experiments with Cold Atoms in Space

Ultra-high Vacuum Systems for Experiments with Cold Atoms in Space
Author: Michael Elsen
Publisher:
Total Pages: 0
Release: 2023
Genre:
ISBN:
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Dual-species atom interferometry, with Bose-Einstein condensates, is a promising technique for ultra-precise and accurate measurements for spaceborne applications, such as inertial sensing, future detection of gravitational waves, earth observation, and testing fundamental physics. An ultracold atom experiment on a future satellite mission could improve the precision of testing general relativity, with the test of the universality of free fall. The technology discovery of such a complex and challenging experiment, requires a multitude of space qualified technologies and developments. The MAIUS-2/3 (Matter-Wave Interferometry Under Microgravity) missions, within the QUANTUS (Quantum Gases in Microgravity) consortium, aims to perform the first dual-species atom interferometer with ultracold rubidium and potassium atoms on a sounding rocket. It is used as a pathfinder mission to further develop the technologies which enable future cold atom missions. Space suitable ultra-high vacuum (UHV) systems are one of the enabling technologies for missions on long-duration microgravity platforms, such as the International Space Station or a satellite. The scientific payload MAIUS-B, flying on both missions MAIUS-2 and MAIUS-3, is introduced in this thesis. The payload is sheltered within seven RADAX (radial-axial) hull segments, and is divided into five subsystems; electronics, physics package, laser system, laser electronics, and batteries. The newly developed thermal control system and ground support equipment is capable of accounting for an internally produced heat load of 707.6 W and a temperature rise by aerodynamic drag during launch. The mass and size was continuously optimized, with a final mass of 335.3 kg and a length of 2.8 m, which is within the limits of 340.0 kg and 3.0 m. A load assessment of the new suspension system showed that the payload is capable of carrying the MAIUS-B payload up to 981ms^(-2) (100 g0) within a reasonable safety margin. A new umbilical and sealing concept was implemented, providing the payload until lift-off with power, data, and cooling liquid connections. The UHV system was redesigned to fit within the mass and size requirements. Two titanium sublimation pumps and one ion getter pump are maintaining a pressure of 2 × 10^(-11) hPa. This is one order of magnitude better than the experiment required pressure of 5 × 10^(-10) hPa. Several vacuum components, such as the differential pumping stage, the oven design, and the pumps itself, were modified or redesigned. The physics package, including the UHV system, was qualified for a vibration level of 19.6ms^(-2) RMS (2.0g0RMS), compared to the maximum flight level of 17.7ms^(-2) RMS (1.8 g0RMS) throughout a sounding rocket mission. The UHV system is capable of regaining the required pressure within 19 s. To investigate the influence of static loads on the leakage rate of ConFlat (CF) seals, a test setup was built. The tests were performed to indicate the influence on the tightening torque (10Nm, 12.5Nm, 15Nm), the flange material (aluminum [AluVaC®], stainless steel [316LN-ESR, 14429-ESU]), and different oxygen free high conductivity (OFHC) copper gaskets (annealed, non-annealed). The presented results provide the first data set on the leakage rate for CF DN40 flange connections tested up to a applied force of 1 950N.

Long Baseline Atom Interferometry

Long Baseline Atom Interferometry
Author: David Marvin Slaughter Johnson
Publisher: Stanford University
Total Pages: 152
Release: 2011
Genre:
ISBN:
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Due to its impressive sensitivity, long baseline atom interferometry is an exciting tool for tests of fundamental physics. We are currently constructing a 10-meter scale apparatus to test the Weak Equivalence Principle (WEP) using co-located Rb85 and Rb87 atom interferometers. This apparatus aims to improve the current limit on WEP violation 100-fold, which illustrates the power of this technique. This scientific goal sets stringent requirements on the kinematic preparation of the atomic test masses, the interferometer laser wavefront and stability, as well as the electromagnetic and gravitational field homogeneity of the interferometer region. The efforts to control these sources of systematic error are discussed. Additionally, applications of long baseline atom interferometry to space-based sensors for geodesy and gravitational wave detection are presented.

Civil and Environmental Engineering for the Sustainable Development Goals

Civil and Environmental Engineering for the Sustainable Development Goals
Author: Manuela Antonelli
Publisher: Springer Nature
Total Pages: 116
Release: 2022-05-14
Genre: Science
ISBN: 3030995933
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This open access volume collects emerging issues in Environmental and Civil Engineering, originating from outstanding doctoral dissertations discussed at Politecnico di Milano in 2021. The advanced innovative insights provided are presented with reference to the relevant sustainable development goals (SDGs), hoping that scientists, technicians and decision makers will find them as a valid support to face future sustainability challenges. Indeed, the fast evolution of our society often falls short in properly taking into consideration its relationship with the environment, which is not only the primary source of any resource and the sink of all the wastes we generate throughout our activities, but also the cause of most of the loading and constraints applied to structures and infrastructures. The lack of a proper consideration of the relationship between the needs of both the society and the environment may lead to strong disequilibria, generating a large amount of threats for a robust, resilient and continuous development. In this perspective, the SDGs set by the United Nations represent the criteria to revise our development model, towards the ability to conjugate different needs to build a safe relation between anthropic activities and the environment. Civil and Environmental Engineering plays a relevant role in providing methods, approaches, risk and impact assessments, as well as technologies, to fulfil the SDGs. Research in these fields may in fact provide technical knowledge and tools to support decision makers and technicians in: (i) planning mitigation and adaptation actions to climate change, extreme weather, earthquakes, drought, flooding and other natural disasters; (ii) designing efficient and sustainable strategies for resources exploitation, minimizing the impact and the unequal distributions; (iii) increasing the safety of structures and infrastructures under exceptional loadings and against the deterioration due to their lifecycle; (iv) adopting a holistic risk management approach and appropriate technologies to reduce pollution and environment deterioration, which increase vulnerability; (v) providing a safe drinking water and sanitation system to protect human health.

Ultracold Bosonic and Fermionic Gases

Ultracold Bosonic and Fermionic Gases
Author: Kathy Levin
Publisher: Elsevier
Total Pages: 225
Release: 2012-11-15
Genre: Science
ISBN: 0444538623
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The rapidly developing topic of ultracold atoms has many actual and potential applications for condensed-matter science, and the contributions to this book emphasize these connections. Ultracold Bose and Fermi quantum gases are introduced at a level appropriate for first-year graduate students and non-specialists such as more mature general physicists. The reader will find answers to questions like: how are experiments conducted and how are the results interpreted? What are the advantages and limitations of ultracold atoms in studying many-body physics? How do experiments on ultracold atoms facilitate novel scientific opportunities relevant to the condensed-matted community? This volume seeks to be comprehensible rather than comprehensive; it aims at the level of a colloquium, accessible to outside readers, containing only minimal equations and limited references. In large part, it relies on many beautiful experiments from the past fifteen years and their very fruitful interplay with basic theoretical ideas. In this particular context, phenomena most relevant to condensed-matter science have been emphasized. Introduces ultracold Bose and Fermi quantum gases at a level appropriate for non-specialists Discusses landmark experiments and their fruitful interplay with basic theoretical ideas Comprehensible rather than comprehensive, containing only minimal equations

From Quantum to Cosmos

From Quantum to Cosmos
Author: Slava G. Turyshev
Publisher: World Scientific
Total Pages: 764
Release: 2009
Genre: Science
ISBN: 9814261211
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Space-based laboratory research in fundamental physics is an emerging research discipline that offers great discovery potential and at the same time could drive the development of technological advances which are likely to be important to scientists and technologists in many other different research fields. The articles in this review volume have been contributed by participants of the international workshop "From Quantum to Cosmos : Fundamental Physics Research in Space" held at the Airlie Center in Warrenton, Virginia, USA, on May 21-24, 2006. This unique volume discusses the advances in our understanding of fundamental physics that are anticipated in the near future, and evaluates the discovery potential of a number of recently proposed space-based gravitational experiments. Specific research areas covered include various tests of general relativity and alternative theories, search of physics beyond the Standard Model, investigations of possible violations of the equivalence principle, search for new hypothetical long- and short-range forces, variations of fundamental constants, tests of Lorentz invariance and attempts at unification of the fundamental interactions. The book also encompasses experiments aimed at the discovery of novel phenomena, including dark matter candidates, and studies of dark energy.

Laser Cooling and Trapping

Laser Cooling and Trapping
Author: Harold J. Metcalf
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Total Pages: 329
Release: 2012-12-06
Genre: Science
ISBN: 146121470X
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Intended for advanced undergraduates and beginning graduates with some basic knowledge of optics and quantum mechanics, this text begins with a review of the relevant results of quantum mechanics, before turning to the electromagnetic interactions involved in slowing and trapping atoms and ions, in both magnetic and optical traps. The concluding chapters discuss a broad range of applications, from atomic clocks and studies of collision processes, to diffraction and interference of atomic beams at optical lattices and Bose-Einstein condensation.