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| Author | : Jerker Rönnberg |
| Publisher | : Frontiers Media SA |
| Total Pages | : 179 |
| Release | : 2023-01-18 |
| Genre | : Science |
| ISBN | : 2832511678 |
| Author | : Elger Abrahamse |
| Publisher | : Frontiers Media SA |
| Total Pages | : 172 |
| Release | : 2016-01-21 |
| Genre | : Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry |
| ISBN | : 2889197212 |
Historically, cognitive sciences have considered selective attention and working memory as largely separated cognitive functions. That is, selective attention as a concept is typically reserved for the processes that allow for the prioritization of specific sensory input, while working memory entails more central structures for maintaining (and operating on) temporary mental representations. However, over the last decades various observations have been reported that question such sharp distinction. Most importantly, information stored in working memory has been shown to modulate selective attention processing – and vice versa. At the theoretical level, these observations are paralleled by an increasingly dominant focus on working memory as (involving) the attended part of long-term memory, with some positions considering that working memory is equivalent to selective attention turned to long-term memory representations – or internal selective attention. This questions the existence of working memory as a dedicated cognitive function and raises the need for integrative accounts of working memory and attention. The next step will be to explore the precise implications of attentional accounts of WM for the understanding of specific aspects and characteristics of WM, such as serial order processing, its modality-specificity, its capacity limitations, its relation with executive functions, as well as the nature of attentional mechanisms involved. This research topic in Frontiers in Human Neuroscience aims at bringing together the latest insights and findings about the interplay between working memory and selective attention.
| Author | : Dion Henare |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 388 |
| Release | : 2019 |
| Genre | : Attention |
| ISBN | : |
Optimal performance of everyday tasks like driving depend critically on both the ability to store and retrieve small amounts of information in the short term, and the ability to selectively find and process relevant objects while preventing distraction. These two abilities have traditionally been viewed as distinct processes in human cognition, however research now demonstrates significant overlap between the constructs of working memory and selective attention. Previous work has established a role for working memory resources in the successful control of attention, however there are many processes underlying successful attentional control, and affecting any one of them would produce the pattern of results that have been observed. In this thesis we used behavioural and electroencephalographic evidence to investigate working memory and selective attention. We aim to provide a more detailed understanding of the processes underlying the relationship between these two constructs. Study 1 provided systematic documentation of the effect that distractor objects have on performance in a traditional working memory task, as well as the relationship between these effects and individual differences in working memory capacity. Study 2 used lateralized event-related potentials to measure dissociable components related to target selection, distractor capture, and distractor disengagement while working memory load was manipulated. Study 2 used electroencephalographic measures of attention processes to show that increased working memory load has a specific effect on neural indices of distractor disengagement. Study 3 used a similar paradigm to Study 2 to show that the presence of irrelevant objects during working memory encoding leads to impairments in performance and modulation of the neural response to targets in a concurrent visual search task. Together, our results provide greater specificity of the relationship between attention and working memory while demonstrating the utility of lateralized ERPs in providing dissociable measures of specific attentional sub-processes. This provides a promising tool for future research which investigates the relationship between working memory and selective attention.
| Author | : Glyn Humphreys |
| Publisher | : Psychology Press |
| Total Pages | : 385 |
| Release | : 2004-11 |
| Genre | : Psychology |
| ISBN | : 1135424713 |
Attention in Action provides state-of-the-art discussion of the role of attention in action and of action in constraining attention.
| Author | : Francisco Aboitiz |
| Publisher | : Springer Science & Business Media |
| Total Pages | : 335 |
| Release | : 2008-11-21 |
| Genre | : Medical |
| ISBN | : 3540705732 |
Attention is a key psychological construct in the understanding of human cognition, and the target of enormous efforts to elucidate its physiological mechanisms, as the wealth of literature—both primary and secondary—attests (for recent compilations see Itti, Rees, & Tsotsos, 2005; Paletta & Rome, 2008; Posner, 2004). But in addition to asking what attention actually is, decomposing and analyzing its varieties, or delimiting its neurobiological mechanisms and effects, in this volume we want to explore attention somewhat differently. We believe that a full-fledged theory of attention must consider its workings in the context of motivated, goal-directed, and environmentally constrained organisms. That attention is related to goal-directed behavior is not news. What the contri- tions to this volume do suggest, however, is the existence of fundamental links between attention and two key processes that are crucial for adapted conduct: go- directed behavior and cognitive control. Importantly, they show that these relations can be explored at multiple levels, including neurodynamical, neurochemical, evo- tionary, and clinical aspects, and that in doing so multiple methodological challenges arise that are worth considering and pursuing. The reader will find here, therefore, a selection of contributions that range from basic mechanisms of attention at the n- ronal level to developmental aspects of cognitive control and its impairments. Another trend that will become evident is that, in different ways, the authors stress the need to understand these issues as they unfold in natural behavior (both healthy and pathological), thus arguing for a more ecological approach to these questions.
| Author | : Neville Moray |
| Publisher | : Routledge |
| Total Pages | : 190 |
| Release | : 2017-03-27 |
| Genre | : Psychology |
| ISBN | : 1315514591 |
The early years of modern experimental psychology were marked by a considerable amount of research on attention, and much work was carried out in the laboratories of Wundt, Titchener and Helmholtz. For various reasons, research on attention declined from 1920 until the 1950s. Under the early philosophy of behaviourism, attention became suspect as a ‘mentalistic’ concept. At the time of original publication in 1969, however, much work had been done to quantify and make objective research in this area. This was of increasing importance in a world dominated by communication networks, and ‘man-machine’ systems, in which the human element is the weakest link due to the limits on the rate at which man can handle information. Following the publication of Broadbent’s Perception and Communication in 1958, work on attention had begun to pour from an ever increasing number of laboratories. This book is dedicated to summarising what we knew, and attempts to survey the behavioural research in vision and hearing which throw light on how we share and direct attention, what are the limits of attention, to make some general methodological recommendations, to review current theories of the time, and to provide a guide to the relevant physiological work. As far as possible, work on memory has been omitted. A bibliography of the major work to the spring of 1969 is included.
| Author | : Jonathan Fawcett |
| Publisher | : MIT Press |
| Total Pages | : 695 |
| Release | : 2015-11-13 |
| Genre | : Science |
| ISBN | : 0262029693 |
An authoritative overview of current research on human attention, emphasizing the relation between cognitive phenomena observed in the laboratory and in the real world. Laboratory research on human attention has often been conducted under conditions that bear little resemblance to the complexity of our everyday lives. Although this research has yielded interesting discoveries, few scholars have truly connected these findings to natural experiences. This book bridges the gap between “laboratory and life” by bringing together cutting-edge research using traditional methodologies with research that focuses on attention in everyday contexts. It offers definitive reviews by both established and rising research stars on foundational topics such as visual attention and cognitive control, underrepresented domains such as auditory and temporal attention, and emerging areas of investigation such as mind wandering and embodied attention. The contributors discuss a range of approaches and methodologies, including psychophysics, mental chronometry, stationary and mobile eye-tracking, and electrophysiological and functional brain imaging. Chapters on everyday attention consider such diverse activities as driving, shopping, reading, multitasking, and playing videogames. All chapters present their topics in the same overall format: historical context, current research, the possible integration of laboratory and real-world approaches, future directions, and key and outstanding issues. Contributors Richard A. Abrams, Lewis Baker, Daphne Bavelier, Virginia Best, Adam B. Blake, Paul W. Burgess, Alan D. Castel, Karen Collins, Mike J. Dixon, Sidney K. D'Mello, Julia Föcker, Charles L. Folk, Tom Foulsham, Jonathan A. Fugelsang, Bradley S. Gibson, Matthias S. Gobel, Davood G. Gozli, Arthur C. Graesser, Peter A. Hancock, Kevin A. Harrigan, Simone G. Heideman, Cristy Ho, Roxane J. Itier, Gustav Kuhn, Michael F. Land, Mallorie Leinenger, Daniel Levin, Steven J. Luck, Gerald Matthews, Daniel Memmert, Stephen Monsell, Meeneley Nazarian, Anna C. Nobre, Andrew M. Olney, Kerri Pickel, Jay Pratt, Keith Rayner, Daniel C. Richardson, Evan F. Risko, Barbara Shinn-Cunningham, Vivian Siu, Jonathan Smallwood, Charles Spence, David Strayer, Pedro Sztybel, Benjamin W. Tatler, Eric T. Taylor, Jeff Templeton, Robert Teszka, Michel Wedel, Blaire J. Weidler, Lisa Wojtowicz, Jeremy M. Wolfe, Geoffrey F. Woodman
| Author | : National Academy of Sciences |
| Publisher | : National Academies Press |
| Total Pages | : 195 |
| Release | : 1992-01-01 |
| Genre | : Medical |
| ISBN | : 0309045290 |
The brain ... There is no other part of the human anatomy that is so intriguing. How does it develop and function and why does it sometimes, tragically, degenerate? The answers are complex. In Discovering the Brain, science writer Sandra Ackerman cuts through the complexity to bring this vital topic to the public. The 1990s were declared the "Decade of the Brain" by former President Bush, and the neuroscience community responded with a host of new investigations and conferences. Discovering the Brain is based on the Institute of Medicine conference, Decade of the Brain: Frontiers in Neuroscience and Brain Research. Discovering the Brain is a "field guide" to the brainâ€"an easy-to-read discussion of the brain's physical structure and where functions such as language and music appreciation lie. Ackerman examines: How electrical and chemical signals are conveyed in the brain. The mechanisms by which we see, hear, think, and pay attentionâ€"and how a "gut feeling" actually originates in the brain. Learning and memory retention, including parallels to computer memory and what they might tell us about our own mental capacity. Development of the brain throughout the life span, with a look at the aging brain. Ackerman provides an enlightening chapter on the connection between the brain's physical condition and various mental disorders and notes what progress can realistically be made toward the prevention and treatment of stroke and other ailments. Finally, she explores the potential for major advances during the "Decade of the Brain," with a look at medical imaging techniquesâ€"what various technologies can and cannot tell usâ€"and how the public and private sectors can contribute to continued advances in neuroscience. This highly readable volume will provide the public and policymakersâ€"and many scientists as wellâ€"with a helpful guide to understanding the many discoveries that are sure to be announced throughout the "Decade of the Brain."
| Author | : Chris J. Mitchell |
| Publisher | : Oxford University Press, USA |
| Total Pages | : 430 |
| Release | : 2010 |
| Genre | : Language Arts & Disciplines |
| ISBN | : |
Attention and Associative Learning brings together leading international learning and attention researchers to provide both a comprehensive and wide-ranging overview of the current state of knowledge of this area as well as new perspectives and directions for the future. There are coherent themes than run throughout the book, but there are also, inevitably, fundamental disagreements between contributors on the role of attention in learning. Together, the views expressed in this book paint a picture of a vibrant and exciting area of psychological research.
| Author | : Josefa Oberem |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 177 |
| Release | : 2020-04-10 |
| Genre | : Auditory selective attention |
| ISBN | : 9783832551018 |
The aim of the present thesis is to examine the cognitive control mechanisms underlying auditory selective attention by considering the influence of variables that increase the complexity of an auditory scene. Therefore, technical aspects such as dynamic binaural hearing, room acoustics and head movements as well as those that influence the efficiency of cognitive processing are taken into account. Step-by-step the well-established dichotic-listening paradigm is extended into a realistic spatial listening paradigm. Conducted empirical surveys are based on a paradigm examining the intentional switching of auditory selective attention. Performance measure differences between the repetition of the target's spatial position and the related switch describe the loss of efficiency associated with redirecting attention from one target's location to another. To examine whether the irrelevant auditory information is decoded, interference in the processing of task-relevant and task-irrelevant information is created in the paradigm. Using the binaural-listening paradigm, the ability to intentionally switch auditory selective attention is tested when applying different methods of spatial reproduction. Essential differences between real sources, an individual and a non-individual binaural synthesis are found. As a step towards multi-talker scenarios in realistic environments participants are tested in differently reverberating environments, resulting in highly affected switch costs. Age-related effects are found when applying the binaural-listening paradigm, indicating difficulties for elderly to suppress processing the distractor's speech.
