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Cognitive Abilities Associated with Changing Risk Perceptions of Distracted Driving

Cognitive Abilities Associated with Changing Risk Perceptions of Distracted Driving
Author: Blair R. K. Shevlin
Publisher:
Total Pages: 96
Release: 2017
Genre:
ISBN:
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Distracted driving is a major threat to traffic safety, especially among young drivers. One way to discourage this behavior is to target young drivers' perceptions of the risks associated with distracted driving behaviors. However, risk related information is too-often presented using unintuitive content in difficult-to-comprehend formats, which negatively impacts those with low levels of cognitive ability. The objective of this study was to examine the impact of utilizing visual aids as a means of improving young drivers' comprehension of statistical information related to texting while driving. This study also evaluated how different informational content and format could alter young drivers' perceptions, attitudes, and intentions towards the decision to text while driving. This study found that the visual aids that were used were generally ineffective in improving viewers' comprehension of the material; though, in some contexts improved comprehension among those with high levels of cognitive abilities. Furthermore, providing risk-related information in any format was not an effective means of altering perceptions, attitudes, or intentions. However, a mediating relationship of past behavior on the influence of attitudes on intentions was discovered, in which more positive attitudes predicted intentions to abstain from distracted driving - except where individuals had extensive prior exposure to the behavior.

Human Factors of Visual and Cognitive Performance in Driving

Human Factors of Visual and Cognitive Performance in Driving
Author: Candida Castro
Publisher: CRC Press
Total Pages: 298
Release: 2008-11-21
Genre: Technology & Engineering
ISBN: 142005533X
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Human error is involved in more than 90 percent of traffic accidents, and of those accidents, most are associated with visual distractions, or looking-but-failing-to-see errors. Human Factors of Visual and Cognitive Performance in Driving gathers knowledge from a human factors psychology standpoint and provides deeper insight into traffic -user beh

Evaluating the Effectiveness of an Anti-Texting-While-Driving Training Program for Young Drivers: The Role of ADHD Symptomatology

Evaluating the Effectiveness of an Anti-Texting-While-Driving Training Program for Young Drivers: The Role of ADHD Symptomatology
Author: J .Quyen Vu Alexander Nichols
Publisher:
Total Pages: 230
Release: 2018
Genre: Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
ISBN:
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A long-standing challenge for public health and safety is that motor vehicle crashes (MVCs) are the leading cause of death for U.S. teenagers, a population with disproportionately high crash involvement relative to other road users. Quantitative and qualitative research has identified distracted driving as a significant contributor to young drivers' overrepresentation in MVCs. This study was designed in the context of this notable public health concern, and the primary goal was to examine psychological factors that are hypothesized, via the Theory of Planned Behavior, to underlie teenage drivers' decisions to text-while-driving (TWD) with a focus on the influence of ADHD symptoms. The psychological factors of interest were attitudes toward TWD, perceptions of crash risk while TWD, self-perceptions of competence as a driver, and perceptions of task performance. The aims of this project were addressed through a program evaluation of an experiential driver training program designed to educate young novice drivers on the dangers associated with TWD. This program, Turn Off Texting (TOT), was designed and run by the Youth Safety Council of Vermont and the Vermont Department of Motor Vehicles, Safety and Education Unit. Participants included 1203 high school teenagers who participated in 42 TOT program demonstrations across Vermont. The first aim of this study was to examine the influence of ADHD symptoms on psychological factors and behavioral intentions while controlling for and examining the effects of age, gender, and driving experience. ADHD symptoms were associated with more favorable attitudes toward TWD, greater intentions to TWD in the future, and lesser intentions to intervene on a distracted driver in the future. Male gender and increased driving experience also tended to be associated with riskier attitudes, perceptions, and intentions. The second aim of this work was to examine if the psychological factors mediate the associations between ADHD symptoms and the two behavioral intention variables. Results from multiple mediation models showed that only attitudes toward TWD mediated the relations for both intentions to TWD and to intervene in the future. ADHD symptoms continued to have a direct effect on behavioral intentions even when accounting for the indirect effects of the psychological factors; these findings suggest a direct relation of ADHD symptoms and an indirect relation via attitudes. The third and final aim of this study was to investigate the influence of ADHD symptoms, as well as age, gender, and driving experience, on the rate of change in the psychological factors and behavioral intention variables over the course of the TOT program. Findings from two-level regression models showed that the TOT program generally was effective in its goal to produce safer views in regards to the psychological factors and intended behaviors. As hypothesized, ADHD symptoms were associated with less change toward safer attitudes, perceptions of crash risk, and both intentions to TWD and intentions to intervene in the future; the influences of male gender and increased driving experience were similar in their associations with less change toward safer attitudes, perceptions, and intentions. The findings from this study's three aims have important implications for the development and continued evaluation of specialized driver training programs. Namely, attitudes toward TWD are a viable target for intervention given this factor's direct and indirect (in the association of ADHD symptoms) effect on intended behavior. Increasing ADHD symptoms and male gender were associated with less change over the course of the program, which represent two areas for more specialized intervention and study.

Attention

Attention
Author: Arthur F. Kramer
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Total Pages: 287
Release: 2007
Genre: Computers
ISBN: 0195305728
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The study of attention in the laboratory has been crucial to understanding the mechanisms that support several different facets of attentional processing: Our ability to both divide attention among multiple tasks and stimuli, and selectively focus it on task-relevant information, while ignoring distracting task-irrelevant information, as well as how top-down and bottom-up factors influence the way that attention is directed within and across modalities. Equally important, however, is research that has attempted to scale up to the real world this empirical work on attention that has traditionally been well controlled by limited laboratory paradigms and phenomena. These types of basic and theoretically guided applied research on attention have benefited immeasurably from the work of Christopher Wickens. This book honors Wickens' many important contributions to the study of attention by bringing together researchers who examine real-world attentional problems and questions in light of attentional theory. The research fostered by Wickens' contributions will enrich not only our understanding of human performance in complex real-world systems, but also reveal the gaps on our knowledge of basic attentional processes.

Driver Distraction and Inattention

Driver Distraction and Inattention
Author: John D. Lee
Publisher: CRC Press
Total Pages: 464
Release: 2017-07-12
Genre: Technology & Engineering
ISBN: 131714788X
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It is estimated that, in the United States, around 20 percent of all Police-reported road crashes involve driver distraction as a contributing factor. This figure increases if other forms of inattention are considered. Evidence (reviewed in this volume) suggests that the situation is similar in other countries and that driver distraction and inattention are even more dangerous as contributing factors in crashes than drug and alcohol intoxication. Having a solid evidence-base from which to develop injury countermeasures is a cornerstone of road-safety management. This book adds to the accumulating evidence-base on driver distraction and inattention. With 24 chapters by 52 authors from more than 10 countries, it provides important new perspectives on the definition and meaning of driver distraction and inattention, the mechanisms that characterize them, the measurement of their effects, strategies for mitigating their effects, and recommendations for further research. The goal of this book is to inspire further research and countermeasure development to prevent and mitigate the potentially adverse effects of driver distraction and driver inattention, and, in doing so, to save lives.

Driver Distraction

Driver Distraction
Author: Michael A. Regan
Publisher: CRC Press
Total Pages: 674
Release: 2008-10-15
Genre: Technology & Engineering
ISBN: 1420007491
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Certain activities and events both inside and outside a vehicle can distract drivers and lead to degraded performance. New technologies- such as entertainment, communication, and driver assistance systems- play a significant role in distraction. This unique volume defines driver distraction, discusses various causes, and explains how to measure acceptable and unacceptable levels of distraction. Several chapters address measurement techniques based on performance and epidemiological studies. Most importantly, the text explores ways to mitigate driver distraction as well as countermeasures including vehicle design and effective legislation.

Distracted Driving Prevention Implementation and Evaluation Program

Distracted Driving Prevention Implementation and Evaluation Program
Author: Leah M. Jorden
Publisher:
Total Pages: 0
Release: 2021
Genre: Behavior modification
ISBN:
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Distracted driving (DD) is described as operating an automobile while performing another activity that takes attention away from the act of driving. There are three recognized forms of distraction while driving: visual, manual, and cognitive. Cell phone use while driving, specifically texting while driving (TWD), affects all three domains of distraction: visual, manual, and cognitive. Texting while driving is an extremely risky behavior for all drivers, yet especially dangerous for those ages 18-25 years old. While many different interventions have been implemented aimed at reducing this behavior, the problem of distracted driving persists. Human behavior is complex, dynamic and influenced by many factors, including personal beliefs, social persuasion and perception of risks associated with said behavior. Additionally, individuals must first demonstrate a psychological readiness for change before actual behavior change can occur (Prochaska & DiClemente, 1983). Following an extensive literature review of current evidence as well as the support of theoretical framework, an implementation and evaluation program designed to improve the driving safety and wellness of college students was designed. The following chapters describe the scope of the problem, review pertinent literature related to the problem, and thorough explanation the implementation and evaluation plan related to the Distracted Driving Prevention Program. Results of the evaluation, as well as future recommendations to influence distracted driving behavior, are also described.

Understanding Driving

Understanding Driving
Author: John A. Groeger
Publisher: Routledge
Total Pages: 272
Release: 2013-02-01
Genre: Psychology
ISBN: 1134690975
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This book closely examines what is involved in driving. It identifies the aspects of perception, attention, learning, memory, decision making and action control which are drawn upon in order to enable us to drive, and the brain systems involved. It attempts to show how studying tasks such as driving can help to understand how these fundamental aspects of cognition combine to facilitate performance in complex everyday tasks. In doing so it shows how a very broad range of laboratory based findings can be applied, and that through our attempts to apply this knowledge to complex everyday tasks, we gain, in return, a greater understanding of fundamental aspects of human cognition.

Global Status Report on Road Safety

Global Status Report on Road Safety
Author:
Publisher:
Total Pages: 12
Release: 2009
Genre: Crash injuries
ISBN:
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Approximately 1.3 million people die each year on the world's roads, and between 20 and 50 million sustain non-fatal injuries. The Global status report on road safety is the first broad assessment of the road safety situation in 178 countries, using data drawn from a standardized survey. The results show that road traffic injuries remain an important public health problem, particularly for low-income and middle-income countries. Pedestrians, cyclists and motorcyclists make up almost half of those killed on the roads, highlighting the need for these road users to be given more attention in road safety programmes. The results suggest that in many countries road safety laws need to be made more comprehensive while enforcement should be strengthened. The Global status report on road safety results clearly show that significantly more action is needed to make the world's roads safer. [Ed.]

Cognitive and affective control

Cognitive and affective control
Author: Gilles Pourtois
Publisher: Frontiers E-books
Total Pages: 244
Release:
Genre:
ISBN: 2889190927
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Traditionally, cognition and emotion are seen as separate domains that are independent at best and in competition at worst. The French scientist and philosopher Blaise Pascal (1623-1662) famously said “Le coeur a ses raisons que la raison ne connaît point” (The heart has its reasons that reason does not know). Over the last century, however, psychologists and neuroscientists have increasingly appreciated their very strong reciprocal connections and interactions. Initially this was demonstrated in cognitive functions such as attention, learning and memory, and decision making. For instance, an emotional stimulus captures attention (e.g., Anderson & Phelps, 2001). Likewise, emotional stimuli are better learned and remembered than neutral ones (e.g., McGaugh, 1990) and they can provide strong incentives to bias decision making (Bechara et al., 1997). In more recent years, cognitive control has also been found to be intimately intertwined with emotion. This is consistent with an approach that considers cognitive control as an adaptive learning process (Braver & Cohen, 1999), reinforcement learning in particular (Holroyd & Coles, 2002; Verguts & Notebaert, 2009). From this perspective, cognitive control is not a cool encapsulated executive function, but instead involves rapidly calculating the value of situational, contextual, and action cues (Rushworth & Behrens, 2008) for the purpose of adapting the cognitive system toward future optimal performance. A wide array of research has shed light on cognitive control and its interactions with affect or motivation. Behaviorally, important phenomena include how people respond to difficult stimuli (e.g., incongruent stimuli, task switches), negative feedback, or errors and how this influences subsequent task processing. Neurally, an important target structure has been the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and its connections to traditional “emotional” (e.g., amygdala) and “cognitive” areas (e.g., (pre)motor cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex). ACC seems to play a predominant role in integrating distant effects from remote cognitive and emotion systems in order to guide and optimize behavior. The current special issue focuses on the bi-directional link between emotion and cognitive control. We invite studies that investigate the influence from emotion on cognitive control, or vice versa, the influence of cognitive control on emotion. Contributions can be of different types: We welcome empirical contributions (behavioral or neuroscientific) but also computational modeling, theory, or review papers. By bringing together researchers from the traditionally separated domains, we hope to further stimulate the crosstalk between emotion and cognitive control, and thus to deepen our understanding of both.