Closed World Assumption PDF Download
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| Author | : Fouad Sabry |
| Publisher | : One Billion Knowledgeable |
| Total Pages | : 171 |
| Release | : 2023-06-26 |
| Genre | : Computers |
| ISBN | : |
Download Closed World Assumption Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
What Is Closed World Assumption In a formal system of logic that is used for the representation of knowledge, the closed-world assumption (often abbreviated as CWA) is the supposition that a statement that is true is also known to be true. Therefore, the inverse of this is true, which is that which cannot currently be verified as being accurate. Raymond Reiter is the author of a logical formalization of this assumption that bears the same name as this assumption. The open-world assumption (OWA), which holds that a lack of knowledge does not automatically entail that something is untrue, is the hypothesis that directly contradicts the closed-world hypothesis. The interpretation of the real semantics of a conceptual statement with the same notations of ideas is determined by the decisions made regarding CWA versus OWA. In most cases, a good formalization of natural language semantics is going to need an explicit revelation of whether the implicit logical underpinnings are based on CWA or OWA. This is because CWA and OWA are two distinct schools of logical thought. How You Will Benefit (I) Insights, and validations about the following topics: Chapter 1: Closed-world assumption Chapter 2: Frame problem Chapter 3: Propositional calculus Chapter 4: Inductive logic programming Chapter 5: Contradiction Chapter 6: Intuitionistic logic Chapter 7: Paraconsistent logic Chapter 8: Default logic Chapter 9: Method of analytic tableaux Chapter 10: Belief revision (II) Answering the public top questions about closed world assumption. (III) Real world examples for the usage of closed world assumption in many fields. (IV) 17 appendices to explain, briefly, 266 emerging technologies in each industry to have 360-degree full understanding of closed world assumption' technologies. Who This Book Is For Professionals, undergraduate and graduate students, enthusiasts, hobbyists, and those who want to go beyond basic knowledge or information for any kind of closed world assumption.
| Author | : Herve Gallaire |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 468 |
| Release | : 2014-09-01 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : 9781468433852 |
Download Logic and Data Bases Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
| Author | : Michael R. Genesereth |
| Publisher | : Morgan Kaufmann |
| Total Pages | : 427 |
| Release | : 2012-07-05 |
| Genre | : Computers |
| ISBN | : 0128015543 |
Download Logical Foundations of Artificial Intelligence Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
Intended both as a text for advanced undergraduates and graduate students, and as a key reference work for AI researchers and developers, Logical Foundations of Artificial Intelligence is a lucid, rigorous, and comprehensive account of the fundamentals of artificial intelligence from the standpoint of logic. The first section of the book introduces the logicist approach to AI--discussing the representation of declarative knowledge and featuring an introduction to the process of conceptualization, the syntax and semantics of predicate calculus, and the basics of other declarative representations such as frames and semantic nets. This section also provides a simple but powerful inference procedure, resolution, and shows how it can be used in a reasoning system. The next several chapters discuss nonmonotonic reasoning, induction, and reasoning under uncertainty, broadening the logical approach to deal with the inadequacies of strict logical deduction. The third section introduces modal operators that facilitate representing and reasoning about knowledge. This section also develops the process of writing predicate calculus sentences to the metalevel--to permit sentences about sentences and about reasoning processes. The final three chapters discuss the representation of knowledge about states and actions, planning, and intelligent system architecture. End-of-chapter bibliographic and historical comments provide background and point to other works of interest and research. Each chapter also contains numerous student exercises (with solutions provided in an appendix) to reinforce concepts and challenge the learner. A bibliography and index complete this comprehensive work.
| Author | : Jack Minker |
| Publisher | : Morgan Kaufmann Publishers |
| Total Pages | : 760 |
| Release | : 1988 |
| Genre | : Computers |
| ISBN | : |
Download Foundations of Deductive Databases and Logic Programming Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
Foundations of Deductive Databases and Logic Programming focuses on the foundational issues concerning deductive databases and logic programming. The selection first elaborates on negation in logic programming and towards a theory of declarative knowledge. Discussions focus on model theory of stratified programs, fixed point theory of nonmonotonic operators, stratified programs, semantics for negation in terms of special classes of models, relation between closed world assumption and the completed database, negation as a failure, and closed world assumption. The book then takes a look at negation as failure using tight derivations for general logic programs, declarative semantics of logic programs with negation, and declarative semantics of deductive databases and logic programs. The publication tackles converting AND-control to OR-control by program transformation, optimizing dialog, equivalences of logic programs, unification, and logic programming and parallel complexity. Topics include parallelism and structured and unstructured data, parallel algorithms and complexity, solving equations, most general unifiers, systems of equations and inequations, equivalences of logic programs, and optimizing recursive programs. The selection is a valuable source of data for researchers interested in pursuing further studies on the foundations of deductive databases and logic programming.
| Author | : Chitta Baral |
| Publisher | : Springer Science & Business Media |
| Total Pages | : 465 |
| Release | : 2005-08-25 |
| Genre | : Computers |
| ISBN | : 3540285385 |
Download Logic Programming and Nonmonotonic Reasoning Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Logic Programming and Nonmonotonic Reasoning, LPNMR 2005, held in Diamante, Italy in September 2005. The 25 revised full papers, 16 revised for the system and application tracks presented together with 3 invited papers were carefully reviewed and selected for presentation. Among the topics addressed are semantics of new and existing languages; relationships between formalisms; complexity and expressive power; LPNMR systems: development of inference algorithms and search heuristics, updates and other operations, uncertainty, and applications in planning, diagnosis, system descriptions, comparisons and evaluations; software engineering, decision making, and other domains; LPNMR languages: extensions by new logical connectives and new inference capabilities, applications in data integration and exchange systems, and methodology of representing knowledge.
| Author | : Ronnie Janoff-Bulman |
| Publisher | : Simon and Schuster |
| Total Pages | : 278 |
| Release | : 2010-06-15 |
| Genre | : Psychology |
| ISBN | : 145160372X |
Download Shattered Assumptions Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
This book investigates the psychology of victimization. It shows how fundamental assumptions about the world's meaningfulness and benevolence are shattered by traumatic events, and how victims become subject to self-blame in an attempt to accommodate brutality. The book is aimed at all those who for personal or professional reasons seek to understand what psychological trauma is and how to recover from it.
| Author | : Hector J. Levesque |
| Publisher | : MIT Press |
| Total Pages | : 316 |
| Release | : 2001-02-15 |
| Genre | : Computers |
| ISBN | : 9780262263498 |
Download The Logic of Knowledge Bases Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
This book describes in detail the relationship between symbolic representations of knowledge and abstract states of knowledge, exploring along the way the foundations of knowledge, knowledge bases, knowledge-based systems, and knowledge representation and reasoning. The idea of knowledge bases lies at the heart of symbolic, or "traditional," artificial intelligence. A knowledge-based system decides how to act by running formal reasoning procedures over a body of explicitly represented knowledge—a knowledge base. The system is not programmed for specific tasks; rather, it is told what it needs to know and expected to infer the rest. This book is about the logic of such knowledge bases. It describes in detail the relationship between symbolic representations of knowledge and abstract states of knowledge, exploring along the way the foundations of knowledge, knowledge bases, knowledge-based systems, and knowledge representation and reasoning. Assuming some familiarity with first-order predicate logic, the book offers a new mathematical model of knowledge that is general and expressive yet more workable in practice than previous models. The book presents a style of semantic argument and formal analysis that would be cumbersome or completely impractical with other approaches. It also shows how to treat a knowledge base as an abstract data type, completely specified in an abstract way by the knowledge-level operations defined over it.
| Author | : Ian Pratt |
| Publisher | : McMillin Pub Llc |
| Total Pages | : 280 |
| Release | : 1994 |
| Genre | : Computers |
| ISBN | : 9780333597552 |
Download Artificial Intelligence Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
While assuming no prior knowledge of AI or logic, this book provides an introduction to many of the most advanced developments in AI, as well as giving examples of their usage and critically assessing their applicability and effectiveness. Topics covered include planning, logic and inference, non-monotonic logic, reason maintenance, memory organization, probabilistic reasoning, induction and neural networks. The author concentrates on inference as a central theme, so as to present sophisticated material more readily.
| Author | : M.L. Brodie |
| Publisher | : Springer |
| Total Pages | : 536 |
| Release | : 1984 |
| Genre | : Computers |
| ISBN | : |
Download On Conceptual Modelling Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
The growing demand for systems of ever-increasing complexity and precision has stimulated the need for higher level concepts, tools, and techniques in every area of Computer Science. Some of these areas, in particular Artificial Intelligence, Databases, and Programming Lan guages, are attempting to meet this demand by defining a new, more abstract level of system description. We call this new level conceptual in recognition of its basic conceptual nature. In Artificial Intelligence, the problem of designing an expert system is seen primarily as a problem of building a knowledge base that repre sents knowledge about an enterprise. Consequently, Knowledge Repre sentation is viewed as a central issue in Artificial Intelligence research. Database design methodologies developed during the last five years are almost unanimous in offering semantic data models in terms of which the designer directly and naturally models an enterprise before proceed ing to a detailed logical and physical database design. In Programming Languages, different forms of abstraction which allow implementation independent specifications of data, functions, and control have been a major research theme for a decade. To emphasize the common goals of these three research efforts, we call this new activity conceptual modelling.
| Author | : V. Wiktor Marek |
| Publisher | : Springer Science & Business Media |
| Total Pages | : 425 |
| Release | : 2013-03-14 |
| Genre | : Computers |
| ISBN | : 3662029065 |
Download Nonmonotonic Logic Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
When I first participated in exploring theories of nonmonotonic reasoning in the late 1970s, I had no idea of the wealth of conceptual and mathematical results that would emerge from those halting first steps. This book by Wiktor Marek and Miroslaw Truszczynski is an elegant treatment of a large body of these results. It provides the first comprehensive treatment of two influen tial nonmonotonic logics - autoepistemic and default logic - and describes a number of surprising and deep unifying relationships between them. It also relates them to various modal logics studied in the philosophical logic litera ture, and provides a thorough treatment of their applications as foundations for logic programming semantics and for truth maintenance systems. It is particularly appropriate that Marek and Truszczynski should have authored this book, since so much of the research that went into these results is due to them. Both authors were trained in the Polish school of logic and they bring to their research and writing the logical insights and sophisticated mathematics that one would expect from such a background. I believe that this book is a splendid example of the intellectual maturity of the field of artificial intelligence, and that it will provide a model of scholarship for us all for many years to come. Ray Reiter Department of Computer Science University of Toronto Toronto, Canada M5S 1A4 and The Canadian Institute for Advanced Research Table of Contents 1 1 Introduction .........
