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| Author | : Najma Haque |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 218 |
| Release | : 1979 |
| Genre | : Bangladesh |
| ISBN | : |
| Author | : Glenn Davis Stone |
| Publisher | : University of Arizona Press |
| Total Pages | : 274 |
| Release | : 1996-11 |
| Genre | : Social Science |
| ISBN | : 0816515670 |
What determines agrarian settlement patterns? Glenn Davis Stone addresses this question by analyzing the spatial aspects of agrarian ecology--the relationship between how farmers farm and where they settle--and how farming and settlement change as population density rises. Crosscutting the fields of cultural anthropology, archaeology, geography, and agricultural economics, Settlement Ecology presents a new perspective on the process of agricultural intensification and explores the relationships between intensification and settlement decision making. Stone insists that paleotechnic ("traditional") agriculture must be seen as a social process, with the social organization of agricultural work playing a key role in shaping settlement characteristics. These relationships are demonstrated in a richly documented case study of the Kofyar, who have been settling a frontier in the Nigerian savanna. The history of agricultural change and the development of the settlement pattern are reconstructed through ethnography, archival research, and aerial photos and are analyzed using innovative graphical methods. Stone also reflects on the limits of ecological determination of settlement, comparing the farming and settlement trajectories of the Kofyar and Tiv on the same frontier.
| Author | : Niall Brady |
| Publisher | : Ruralia |
| Total Pages | : 350 |
| Release | : 2019-09-09 |
| Genre | : History |
| ISBN | : 9789088908064 |
Innovations, transmissions and transformations had profound spatial, economic and social impacts on the environments, landscapes and habitats evident at micro- and macro-levels. This volume explores how these changes affected how land was worked, how it was organized, and the nature of buildings and rural complexes.
| Author | : Jean-Pierre Bocquet-Appel |
| Publisher | : Springer Science & Business Media |
| Total Pages | : 540 |
| Release | : 2008-09-30 |
| Genre | : Social Science |
| ISBN | : 1402085397 |
The transition from hunting and gathering to farming – the Neolithic Revolution – was one of the most signi cant cultural processes in human history that forever changed the face of humanity. Natu an communities (15,100–12,000Cal BP) (all dates in this chapter are calibrated before present) planted the seeds of change, and the Pre-Pottery Neolithic (PPN) (ca. 12,000–ca. 8,350Cal BP) people, were the rst to establish farming communities. The revolution was not fully realized until quite late in the PPN and later in the Pottery Neolithic (PN) period. We would like to ask some questions and comment on a few aspects emphas- ing the linkage between biological and cultural developments during the Neolithic Revolution. The biological issues addressed in this chapter are as follows: × Is there a demographic change from the Natu an to the Neolithic? × Is there a change in the overall health of the Neolithic populations compared to the Natu an? × Is there a change in the diet and how is it expressed? × Is there a change in the physical burden/stress people had to bear with? × Is there a change in intra- and inter-community rates of violent encounters? From the cultural perspective the leading questions will be: × What was the change in the economy and when was it fully realized? × Is there a change in settlement patterns and site nature and organization from Natu an to Neolithic? × Is there a change in human activities and division of labor?
| Author | : Scott D. Palumbo |
| Publisher | : Center for Comparative Arch |
| Total Pages | : 194 |
| Release | : 2013-11-04 |
| Genre | : Social Science |
| ISBN | : 1877812927 |
Chapters offer new understandings of how ranked societies emerged and developed in prehistoric southern Central America and northern South America (the "Isthmo-Colombian Area"). The emphasis is on integrating the results of studies of social units at a range of different scales from the household to the local commuity to the region and beyond. Complete text in English and Spanish.
| Author | : National Research Council |
| Publisher | : National Academies Press |
| Total Pages | : 551 |
| Release | : 2003-05-22 |
| Genre | : Social Science |
| ISBN | : 0309088623 |
Virtually all of the growth in the world's population for the foreseeable future will take place in the cities and towns of the developing world. Over the next twenty years, most developing countries will for the first time become more urban than rural. The benefits from urbanization cannot be overlooked, but the speed and sheer scale of this transformation present many challenges. A new cast of policy makers is emerging to take up the many responsibilities of urban governanceâ€"as many national governments decentralize and devolve their functions, programs in poverty, health, education, and public services are increasingly being deposited in the hands of untested municipal and regional governments. Demographers have been surprisingly slow to devote attention to the implications of the urban transformation. Drawing from a wide variety of data sources, many of them previously inaccessible, Cities Transformed explores the implications of various urban contexts for marriage, fertility, health, schooling, and children's lives. It should be of interest to all involved in city-level research, policy, planning, and investment decisions.
| Author | : National Academy of Sciences |
| Publisher | : National Academies Press |
| Total Pages | : 323 |
| Release | : 2001-06-12 |
| Genre | : Social Science |
| ISBN | : 0309170729 |
As the world's population exceeds an incredible 6 billion people, governmentsâ€"and scientistsâ€"everywhere are concerned about the prospects for sustainable development. The science academies of the three most populous countries have joined forces in an unprecedented effort to understand the linkage between population growth and land-use change, and its implications for the future. By examining six sites ranging from agricultural to intensely urban to areas in transition, the multinational study panel asks how population growth and consumption directly cause land-use change, and explore the general nature of the forces driving the transformations. Growing Populations, Changing Landscapes explains how disparate government policies with unintended consequences and globalization effects that link local land-use changes to consumption patterns and labor policies in distant countries can be far more influential than simple numerical population increases. Recognizing the importance of these linkages can be a significant step toward more effective environmental management.
| Author | : National Research Council |
| Publisher | : National Academies Press |
| Total Pages | : 345 |
| Release | : 2005-10-15 |
| Genre | : Social Science |
| ISBN | : 0309096553 |
Population, Land Use, and Environment: Research Directions offers recommendations for future research to improve understanding of how changes in human populations affect the natural environment by means of changes in land use, such as deforestation, urban development, and development of coastal zones. It also features a set of state-of-the-art papers by leading researchers that analyze population-land useenvironment relationships in urban and rural settings in developed and underdeveloped countries and that show how remote sensing and other observational methods are being applied to these issues. This book will serve as a resource for researchers, research funders, and students.
| Author | : University of Pennsylvania. Near East Center |
| Publisher | : Cambridge, Mass. : MIT Press |
| Total Pages | : 466 |
| Release | : 1972 |
| Genre | : Social Science |
| ISBN | : |
The essays collected in this book explore a new and important field of study--the interrelationship between population growth and decline and changes in technology, culture, and social organization. They were generated by a discussion of Ester Boserup's anti-Malthusian theory that the increased pressures of population on resources triggered evolutionary changes in the technology, culture, and social organization of historical agricultural societies. Each author has reacted to the "Boserup Model" both in terms of his own sets of data and his personal theoretical inclinations; yet a common theme emerges--that changes in population pressure are a "sometimes gentle, sometimes compelling [but] ever-present force" in history and society.Chapters are arranged according to the types of data they present. The first half of the book deals with agriculture as a subsistence base, while the second half treats broader problems of cultural change or intensification in the context of technological diversity. The book itself is based on a conference, "Population, Resources, and Technology," which was organized by anthropology professor Brian Spooner and held at the University of Pennsylvania in 1970.Contents: "The Evolution of Early Agriculture and Culture in Greater Mesopotamia: A Trial Model, " Philip E. L. Smith and T. Cuyler Young, Jr.; "Demography and the "Urban Revolution" in Lowland Mesopotamia, " Robert McC. Adams; "From Autonomous Villages to the State, a Numerical Estimation, " Robert L. Carneiro; "A Regional Population in Egypt to circa 600 B.C., " David O'Connor; "Population, Agricultural History, and Societal Evolution in Mesoamerica, " William T. Sanders; "Plow and Population in Temperate Europe, " Bernard Wailes; "Some Aspects of Agriculture in Taita, " Alfred Harris; "Farm Labor and the Evolution of Food Production, " Bennet Bronson; "Sacred Power and Centralization: Aspects of Political Adaptation in Africa, " Robert McC. Netting; "The Iranian Deserts, " Brian Spooner; "Demographic Aspects of Tibetan Nomadic Pastoralism, " Robert B. Ekvall; "Population Growth and Political Centralization, " Don E. Dumond; "Prehistoric Population Growth and Subsistence Change in Eskimo Alaska, " Don E. Dumond; "Population Growth and the Beginnings of Sedentary Life among the !Kung Bushmen, " Richard B. Lee; "The Intensification of Social Life among the !Kung Bushmen, " Richard B. Lee; "Biological Factors in Population Control, " Solomon H. Katz; "The Viewpoint of Historical Demography, " John D. Durand.
| Author | : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine |
| Publisher | : National Academies Press |
| Total Pages | : 191 |
| Release | : 2016-02-05 |
| Genre | : Science |
| ISBN | : 0309380561 |
The U.S. Department of Agriculture Economic Research Service (USDA/ERS) maintains four highly related but distinct geographic classification systems to designate areas by the degree to which they are rural. The original urban-rural code scheme was developed by the ERS in the 1970s. Rural America today is very different from the rural America of 1970 described in the first rural classification report. At that time migration to cities and poverty among the people left behind was a central concern. The more rural a residence, the more likely a person was to live in poverty, and this relationship held true regardless of age or race. Since the 1970s the interstate highway system was completed and broadband was developed. Services have become more consolidated into larger centers. Some of the traditional rural industries, farming and mining, have prospered, and there has been rural amenity-based in-migration. Many major structural and economic changes have occurred during this period. These factors have resulted in a quite different rural economy and society since 1970. In April 2015, the Committee on National Statistics convened a workshop to explore the data, estimation, and policy issues for rationalizing the multiple classifications of rural areas currently in use by the Economic Research Service (ERS). Participants aimed to help ERS make decisions regarding the generation of a county rural-urban scale for public use, taking into consideration the changed social and economic environment. This report summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop.
