Biodegradation Of Hydrolyzed Mustard From An Acwa Projectile Washout Study PDF Download
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| Author | : |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 9 |
| Release | : 2003 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : |
Download Biodegradation of Hydrolyzed Mustard from An ACWA Projectile Washout Study Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
In 1996, public laws 104-208, 105-261, and 106-79 established and expanded the Assembled Chemical Weapons Assessment (ACWA) Program. To address public concerns over safe destruction of the U.S. chemical weapon stockpile; the ACWA program was tasked to identify two or more viable alternatives technologies to the baseline destruction method of incineration. Neutralization followed by biodegradation was one technology to be successfully demonstrated in a pilot facility at the Edgewood Chemical and Biological Center (ECBC) APG, MD. A successful Engineering Design Study (EDS) followed the demonstration and the Neutralization/Biodegradation process was subsequently approved for destruction of assembled chemical weapons stored at the Pueblo Chemical Depot. During the laboratory and pilot-scale studies hydrolyzed mustard taken from ton storage containers and tetrytol from storage was used to simulate the agent and explosive fills of the M60 chemical round. Presently, rocket cutting and washout engineering studies continue at PCD in preparation for eventual destruction of the chemical rounds. Concern has risen over the possible effect undissolved heel material may have on the biodegradability of the hydrolyzed payloads. This follow-on laboratory study uses mustard agent and tetrytol removed during rocket cutting and washout testing on actual chemical rounds stored at PCD.
| Author | : Mark A. Guelta |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 66 |
| Release | : 2003-12-01 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : 9781423585909 |
Download Biodegradation of Hydrolyzed Mustard from an Assembled Chemical Weapons Assessment (ACWA) Projectile Washout Study Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
Prior Demonstration (Demo) I and Engineering Design Study (EDS) I testing conducted by the PM, Assembled Chemical Weapons Assessment, validated biological treatment of a mixture of HD and tetrytol hydrolysates using Honeywell Immobilized Cell Bioreactor (ICB). The HD hydrolysate used in the previous tests was made from neat agent obtained from ton containers. Because the Pueblo Chemical Depot (PCD), Pueblo, CO, stockpile consists of assembled munitions that contain liquid agent and solid material (heel), the hydrolysate used in prior ICB testing was not fully representative of the hydrolysate that will be produced at Pueblo. Therefore, ICB testing using hydrolysate prepared with liquid agent and heel from actual munitions was planned and executed and is the subject of this report. The ability for a biological culture to degrade the hydrolyzed HD agent from a chemical was tested. The ability of the culture to degrade hydrolysate containing heel material representative of what can be expected from munitions washout was compared directly to performance of a bacterial culture degrading hydrolysate with no heel material. The study shows that hydrolyzed HD agent removed from a projectile washout study can be effectively degraded in a bioreactor system and that there was no effect from the hydrolyzed heel material during the 60-day steady-state period of the study. Performance of the laboratory scale ICB was comparable to earlier testing with the pilot-scale reactor.
| Author | : National Research Council |
| Publisher | : National Academies Press |
| Total Pages | : 150 |
| Release | : 2015-03-26 |
| Genre | : Technology & Engineering |
| ISBN | : 0309317916 |
Download Review Criteria for Successful Treatment of Hydrolysate at the Pueblo Chemical Agent Destruction Pilot Plant Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
One of the last two sites with chemical munitions and chemical materiel is the Pueblo Chemical Depot in Pueblo, Colorado. The stockpile at this location consists of about 800,000 projectiles and mortars, all of which are filled with the chemical agent mustard. Under the direction of the Assembled Chemical Weapons Alternative Program (ACWA), the Army has constructed the Pueblo Chemical Agent Destruction Pilot Plant (PCAPP) to destroy these munitions. The primary technology to be used to destroy the mustard agent at PCAPP is hydrolysis, resulting in a secondary waste stream referred to as hydrolysate. PCAPP features a process that will be used to treat the hydrolysate and the thiodiglycol - a breakdown product of mustard - contained within. The process is a biotreatment technology that uses what are known as immobilized cell bioreactors. After biodegradation, the effluent flows to a brine reduction system, producing a solidified filter cake that is intended to be sent offsite to a permitted hazardous waste disposal facility. Water recovered from the brine reduction system is intended to be recycled back through the plant, thereby reducing the amount of water that is withdrawn from groundwater. Although biotreatment of toxic chemicals, brine reduction, and water recovery are established technologies, never before have these technologies been combined to treat mustard hydrolysate. At the request of the U.S. Army, Review Criteria for Successful Treatment of Hydrolysate at the Pueblo Chemical Agent Destruction Pilot Plant reviews the criteria for successfully treating the hydrolysate. This report provides information on the composition of the hydrolysate and describes the PCAPP processes for treating it; discusses stakeholder concerns; reviews regulatory considerations at the federal, state, and local levels; discusses Department of Transportation regulations and identifies risks associated with the offsite shipment of hydrolysate; establishes criteria for successfully treating the hydrolysate and identifies systemization data that should factor into the criteria and decision process for offsite transport and disposal of the hydrolysate; and discusses failure risks and contingency options as well as the downstream impacts of a decision to ship hydrolysate offsite.
| Author | : National Research Council |
| Publisher | : National Academies Press |
| Total Pages | : 61 |
| Release | : 2013-07-17 |
| Genre | : Technology & Engineering |
| ISBN | : 030926393X |
Download Review of Biotreatment, Water Recovery, and Brine Reduction Systems for the Pueblo Chemical Agent Destruction Pilot Plant Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
The Pueblo Chemical Depot (PCD) in Colorado is one of two sites that features U.S. stockpile of chemical weapons that need to be destroyed. The PCD features about 2,600 tons of mustard-including agent. The PCD also features a pilot plant, the Pueblo Chemical Agent Destruction Pilot Plant (PCAPP), which has been set up to destroy the agent and munition bodies using novel processes. The chemical neutralization or hydrolysis of the mustard agent produces a Schedule 2 compound called thiodiglycol (TDG) that must be destroyed. The PCAPP uses a combined water recovery system (WRS) and brine reduction system (BRS) to destroy TDG and make the water used in the chemical neutralization well water again. Since the PCAPP is using a novel process, the program executive officer for the Assembled Chemical Weapons Alternatives (ACWA) program asked the National Research Council (NRC) to initiate a study to review the PCAPP WRS-BRS that was already installed at PCAPP. 5 months into the study in October, 2012, the NRC was asked to also review the Biotreatment area (BTA). The Committee on Review of Biotreatment, Water Recovery, and Brine Reduction Systems for the Pueblo Chemical Agent Destruction Pilot Plant was thus tasked with evaluating the operability, life-expectancy, working quality, results of Biotreatment studies carried out prior to 1999 and 1999-2004, and the current design, systemization approached, and planned operation conditions for the Biotreatment process. Review of Biotreatment, Water Recovery, and Brine Reduction Systems for the Pueblo Chemical Agent Destruction Pilot Plant is the result of the committee's investigation. The report includes diagrams of the Biotreatment area, the BRS, and WRS; a table of materials of construction, the various recommendations made by the committee; and more.
| Author | : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine |
| Publisher | : National Academies Press |
| Total Pages | : 133 |
| Release | : 2019-01-11 |
| Genre | : Technology & Engineering |
| ISBN | : 0309477352 |
Download Alternatives for the Demilitarization of Conventional Munitions Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
The U.S. military has a stockpile of approximately 400,000 tons of excess, obsolete, or unserviceable munitions. About 60,000 tons are added to the stockpile each year. Munitions include projectiles, bombs, rockets, landmines, and missiles. Open burning/open detonation (OB/OD) of these munitions has been a common disposal practice for decades, although it has decreased significantly since 2011. OB/OD is relatively quick, procedurally straightforward, and inexpensive. However, the downside of OB and OD is that they release contaminants from the operation directly into the environment. Over time, a number of technology alternatives to OB/OD have become available and more are in research and development. Alternative technologies generally involve some type of contained destruction of the energetic materials, including contained burning or contained detonation as well as contained methods that forego combustion or detonation. Alternatives for the Demilitarization of Conventional Munitions reviews the current conventional munitions demilitarization stockpile and analyzes existing and emerging disposal, treatment, and reuse technologies. This report identifies and evaluates any barriers to full-scale deployment of alternatives to OB/OD or non-closed loop incineration/combustion, and provides recommendations to overcome such barriers.
| Author | : National Research Council |
| Publisher | : National Academies Press |
| Total Pages | : 267 |
| Release | : 1999-11-24 |
| Genre | : Science |
| ISBN | : 0309184002 |
Download Review and Evaluation of Alternative Technologies for Demilitarization of Assembled Chemical Weapons Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
This report examines seven disposal technologies being considered by the U.S. government as alternative methods to the process of incineration for destroying mortars, rockets, land mines, and other weapons that contain chemical warfare agents, such as mustard gas. These weapons are considered especially dangerous because they contain both chemical warfare agent and explosive materials in an assembled package that must be disassembled for destruction. The study identifies the strengths and weaknesses and advantages and disadvantages of each technology and assesses their potential for full-scale implementation.
| Author | : United States Government Us Army |
| Publisher | : Createspace Independent Publishing Platform |
| Total Pages | : 796 |
| Release | : 2016-11-13 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : 9781540365859 |
Download Medical Aspects of Chemical Warfare (2008) Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
Medical Aspects of Chemical Warfare (2008) - a comprehensive source of the information available on chemical agents, this book will increase the level of preparedness and response capability of military and civilian practitioners responsible for chemical casualty care. Includes detailed explanations of chemical detectors and protection equipment, diagnosis, decontamination techniques, established and emerging countermeasures, and therapy techniques, as well as the history of chemical warfare and casualty management.
