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Behavioral Insights Into International Arbitration

Behavioral Insights Into International Arbitration
Author: Jan-Philip Elm
Publisher:
Total Pages: 94
Release: 2017
Genre:
ISBN:

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Empirical evidence indicates that national court judges fall prey to cognitive biases and heuristics. The same may be assumed for international arbitrators. Improving third-party adjudication through behavior-ally informed rules on procedure thus seems to be an avenue of research worth being pursued. In applying behavioral law and economics to international commercial arbitration, the present analysis shows (1) that behavioral economics can help to understand arbitrators' behavior and (2) suggests how the law may mitigate their cognitive biases and heuristics in order to design more effective, efficient, and fair arbitral proceedings under the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules. The analysis focuses on (i) the representativeness heuristic, (ii) anchoring, (iii) the hindsight bias, (iv) framing effects, and (v) the egocentric bias. Building on their underlying dynamics and recent research on context-dependent decision-making, corresponding debiasing mechanisms may be implemented into arbitral proceedings through either behaviorally informed (model) arbitration clauses or by complementing existing frameworks such as the UNCITRAL Notes on Organizing Arbitral Proceedings in a behaviorally informed manner. Hence, in applying insights from economics and psychology to international arbitration, the present analysis adopts a prescriptive approach, examining how to actively mitigate arbitrators' cognitive shortcomings as much as possible. Ac-curacy in fact determination - or the search for the truth - is perceived as the central motivation of this approach. As prescriptive insights from behavioral economics are able to allow for more accurate judgment, behaviorally informed rules on procedure not only benefit disputing parties by enhancing the idea of due process, but in doing so, they also empower international arbitration as a legal institution when con-fronted with national legal systems.


Behavioural Insights Into International Arbitration

Behavioural Insights Into International Arbitration
Author: Jan-Philip Wilhelm Elm
Publisher:
Total Pages:
Release: 2014
Genre:
ISBN:

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Empirical evidence indicates that national court judges fall prey to cognitive biases and heuristics. The same may be assumed for international arbitrators as well. Improving third-party adjudication through behaviourally informed rules on procedure thus seems to be a venue of research worth being pursued. In applying behavioural law and economics to international commercial arbitration, the present analysis shows (1) that behavioural economics can help to understand arbitrators' behaviour, and (2) suggests how the law may mitigate their cognitive biases and heuristics in order to design more effective, efficient, and fair arbitral proceedings under the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules. The analysis focuses on (i) the representativeness heuristic, (ii) anchoring, (iii) the hindsight bias, (iv) framing effects, and (v) the egocentric bias. Building up on their underlying dynamics and recent research on context-dependent decision-making, corresponding de-biasing mechanisms may be implemented into arbitral proceedings through either behaviourally informed (model) arbitration clauses or by complementing existing frameworks such as the UNCITRAL Notes on Organizing Arbitral Proceedings in a behaviourally informed manner. Hence, in applying insights from economics and psychology to international arbitration, the present analysis adopts a prescriptive approach, examining how to actively mitigate arbitrators' cognitive shortcomings as much as possible. Accuracy in fact determination - or the search for the truth - is to be perceived as the central motivation of this approach. As prescriptive insights from behavioural economics are able to allow for more accurate judgment, behaviourally informed rules on procedure do not only benefit disputing parties by enhancing the idea of due process, but by doing so, they also empower international arbitration as a legal institute when confronted with national legal systems.


The Roles of Psychology in International Arbitration

The Roles of Psychology in International Arbitration
Author: Tony Cole
Publisher: Kluwer Law International B.V.
Total Pages: 456
Release: 2017-03-15
Genre: Law
ISBN: 9041159282

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The system of international arbitration is built on private contractual relations, yet has been endorsed by governments around the world as a fair and reliable alternative to litigation in State courts. As a private process, however, its authority and legitimacy derive entirely from the views and actions of those involved in the arbitral process, whether arbitrators, counsel, or parties. It is, though increasingly clear that psychological factors complicate, and in some cases radically change, every arbitral proceeding. In this context, psychological insights are crucial for understanding how international arbitration genuinely operates, and whether the legal framework currently applied to it is well-suited to achieving the aims of ensuring a fair and reliable dispute resolution procedure. This is the first book to focus on this important issue: the insights into international arbitration that can be gained from contemporary psychology. With contributions from nineteen internationally known figures in their fields – arbitrators, mediators, lawyers, law professors, psychology professors, psychologists – and drawing from a longer term project on the role of psychology in arbitration, this ground-breaking volume addresses a range of topics, including the following: - the decision-making processes of arbitrators; - the ability of arbitration to serve as a genuine dispute resolution mechanism; - the impact of particular procedures on the arbitral process; - bias, self-deception and vested interests in judgment and decision-making; - the role of arbitrators in managing the arbitral process; - cultural differences in the evaluation of arguments; - psychological influences on witness testimony; - the impact of tribunal composition on arbitral decision-making; - the influence of arbitration’s professional context on arbitrators and legal counsel; and - methods for arbitrators and legal counsel to more effectively manage the arbitral process. Informed by the behavioural insights in these essays, counsel and arbitrators will be enabled to think critically about the underlying assumptions and the potential behavioural effects of a prospective arbitration, while individuals researching arbitration will gain a greater understanding of the psychological context in which every arbitration occurs. This book meets the increasingly recognized need for understanding the role of psychology in arbitral proceedings, and forms an indispensable foundation for subsequent work in this area. Its innovative and forward-thinking analysis will be of immeasurable value to the international arbitration community, as well as to institutions supporting arbitration and to academics in the field.


Understanding Discovery in International Commercial Arbitration Through 'Behavioral Law and Economics'

Understanding Discovery in International Commercial Arbitration Through 'Behavioral Law and Economics'
Author: Giacomo Rojas Elgueta
Publisher:
Total Pages: 0
Release: 2013
Genre:
ISBN:

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Several authors and practitioners have bemoaned the fact that in the current international commercial arbitration practice, there is an excessive use of discovery. International arbitration seems to be losing its cost-effectiveness and attractiveness, in comparison to court litigation. This study explores the reasons for this present tendency, and argues, as a tentative thesis, that the overuse of discovery is a consequence of cognitive illusions on the part of parties as well as arbitrators. Based on insights provided by “behavioral law & economics” studies on cognitive psychology and human behavior, it will be argued that arbitrators have failed to properly exercise their role as the gatekeepers of discovery. More specifically, it will be shown that heuristics and biases affect their decision-making process when it comes to discovery. In order to restore arbitration's original efficiency and fundamental values, this study suggests that arbitration institutions should more strictly regulate the use of discovery, and at the same time, reduce arbitral discretion. The analysis is organized as follows. Part I provides a description of the originally limited scope of discovery in international arbitration, and the original intuitions that lie behind the procedural discretion granted to tribunals. Part II verifies whether the idea of limited use of discovery in arbitration is consistent with a cost and benefit analysis. To conduct this analysis, traditional “law and economics” theory will be used together with insights from “game theory” and “behavioral law and economics”. Part III examines the causes of the current tendency toward allowing broad discovery in international arbitration. This analysis will focus on the decision-making processes of arbitrators, arguing that they could be affected by “bounded rationality”. Part IV provides some possible solutions for restoring the original values of international arbitration, and offers concluding remarks.


The Oxford Handbook of International Arbitration

The Oxford Handbook of International Arbitration
Author: Thomas Schultz
Publisher: Oxford University Press, USA
Total Pages: 1025
Release: 2020-06-30
Genre: Law
ISBN: 0198796196

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This Handbook offers academics and practitioners a one-stop-shop entry into the subject of international arbitration, and the ways in which it is discussed today.


Economic Analysis of the Arbitrator’s Function

Economic Analysis of the Arbitrator’s Function
Author: Bruno Guandalini
Publisher: Kluwer Law International B.V.
Total Pages: 356
Release: 2020-06-16
Genre: Law
ISBN: 9403522704

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Economic Analysis of the Arbitrator’s Function Bruno Guandalini Arbitration has become an important market, where arbitrators are rational economic agents maximizing their utility. Although this is self-evident, it is rarely discussed. This penetrating book is the first to comprehensively analyze the market for arbitrators and arbitrators’ economic role within it. In great depth, the author tackles such salient issues as the following: effect of perceived inefficiencies and high costs on arbitration legitimacy; alleged commercialization of the arbitrator’s function; possible ethical problem raised by financial remuneration for rendering justice; what motivates a person to arbitrate; market for arbitrators’ functioning and failures, providing a better understanding of how actors could behave in such a specific market; structural and artificial entry barriers; effect of an arbitrator’s strategic behavior on the arbitrator’s function; limitations on an arbitrator’s rationality; and preventing and correcting these limitations. Numerous references to customs and procedures in major arbitral jurisdictions and to international laws and conventions affecting the efficiency of the arbitrator’s function are included. Pursuing a non-prescriptive analysis, the author draws on the discipline of law and economics, rational choice theory, behavioral economics, and psychological work on bounded rationality. Understanding the arbitrator’s function as a legal institution that is influenced by the market, this pioneer in developing and systematizing the study of the market for arbitrators and how it works will prove of inestimable value to all stakeholders in the arbitration market. Arbitrators, policymakers, regulators, and academics will be enabled to open the way to a more efficient market for arbitrators and betterment in arbitration worldwide.


Behavioral Law and Economics

Behavioral Law and Economics
Author: Eyal Zamir
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Total Pages: 641
Release: 2018
Genre: Business & Economics
ISBN: 0190901349

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In the past few decades, economic analysis of law has been challenged by a growing body of experimental and empirical studies that attest to prevalent and systematic deviations from the assumptions of economic rationality. While the findings on bounded rationality and heuristics and biases were initially perceived as antithetical to standard economic and legal-economic analysis, over time they have been largely integrated into mainstream economic analysis, including economic analysis of law. Moreover, the impact of behavioral insights has long since transcended purely economic analysis of law: in recent years, the behavioral movement has become one of the most influential developments in legal scholarship in general. Behavioral Law and Economics offers a state-of-the-art overview of the field. Eyal Zamir and Doron Teichman survey the entire body of psychological research that lies at the basis of behavioral analysis of law, and critically evaluate the core methodological questions of this area of research. Following this, the book discusses the fundamental normative questions stemming from the psychological findings on bounded rationality, and explores their implications for setting the law's goals and designing the means to attain them. The book then provides a systematic and critical examination of the contributions of behavioral studies to all major fields of law including: property, contracts, consumer protection, torts, corporate, securities regulation, antitrust, administrative, constitutional, international, criminal, and evidence law, as well as to the behavior of key players in the legal arena: litigants and judicial decision-makers.


The Idea of Arbitration

The Idea of Arbitration
Author: Jan Paulsson
Publisher:
Total Pages: 331
Release: 2013-11
Genre: Law
ISBN: 0199564167

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Providing a theoretical examination of the concept of arbitration, this book explores the place of arbitration in the legal process and examines the ethical challenges to arbitral authority and its moral hazards.


International Law as Behavior

International Law as Behavior
Author: Harlan Grant Cohen
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Total Pages: 311
Release: 2021-04
Genre: Law
ISBN: 1107188431

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Using a multi-disciplinary approach, this volume shows how international law shapes behavior.


Arbitration in the Digital Age

Arbitration in the Digital Age
Author: Maud Piers
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Total Pages: 328
Release: 2018-01-25
Genre: Law
ISBN: 1108287174

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Arbitration in the Digital Age analyses how technology can be efficiently and legitimately used to further sound arbitration proceedings. The contributions, from a variety of arbitration scholars, report on current developments, predict future trends, and assesses their impact from a practical, legal, and technical point of view. The book also discusses the relationship between arbitration and the Internet and analyses how social media can affect arbitrators and counsel's behaviour. Furthermore, it analyses the validity of electronic arbitration and awards, as well as Online Arbitration (OArb). The volume establishes, on a very practical level, how technology could be used by arbitration institutions, arbitrators, parties to an arbitration and counsel. This book will be of special interest to arbitrators and lawyers involved in international commercial arbitration.