Basic Hearing And Echolocation Mechanisms Of Marine Mammals Measured Auditory Evoked Potential And Behavioral Experiments Fy 2007 PDF Download
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| Total Pages | : 8 |
| Release | : 2007 |
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Download Basic Hearing and Echolocation Mechanisms of Marine Mammals: Measured Auditory Evoked Potential and Behavioral Experiments FY 2007 Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
Marine Mammal sensory systems have evolved to effectively use acoustic energy in the oceans. My objectives are to develop a basic understanding of hearing and echolocation so that knowledge can then be applied to the solution of practical problems as they arise. The most basic hearing measurement is the audiogram which is a series of thresholds across frequencies. Of the 85 species of cetaceans we now have audiograms on 14 species. Audiograms on additional cetacean, and other marine mammal, species may be obtained from stranded animals, from animals in captive display situations, and from catch and release scenarios. We intend to obtain as many valid audiograms as possible as we seek new opportunities in new situations. Other hearing measures such as directionality of hearing are also very important and little is known on most marine mammals. These measures will also be obtained whenever possible. Most of our initial audiometric work measured hearing using behavioral responses (Nachtigall et al, 2000). Measures of auditory evoked potentials (AEP) produce the benefit of being obtained rapidly without requiring captivity or lengthy training. Our recent work (Yuen et al, 2005) shows that the two procedures, while not producing exactly the same results, are certainly comparable. So, we intend to continue using AEP measures to measure the hearing of new species and to continue to measure hearing in other situations. Our initial work on temporary threshold shifts (Nachtigall et al 2003, 2004) with exposures up to 50 minutes combined with shorter term exposures led to an equal energy hypothesis in which it was assumed that the amount of TTS was dependent on the amount of energy received relatively independent of the time of exposure. An objective of our recent work (Mooney et al, 2006) has been to examine whether the equal energy hypothesis is valid for short exposure times.
| Author | : Whitlow W.L. Au |
| Publisher | : Springer Science & Business Media |
| Total Pages | : 499 |
| Release | : 2012-12-06 |
| Genre | : Science |
| ISBN | : 1461211506 |
Download Hearing by Whales and Dolphins Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
Here, experts in different areas of the field provide an overview of the bioacoustics of whales and dolphins as well as a thorough introduction to the subject for investigators of hearing in other animals. Topics covered include the structure and function of cetacean auditory systems, the unique sound production system of odontocetes, acoustic communication, psychoacoustics, echolocation and models of sound propagation.
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| Total Pages | : 5 |
| Release | : 2004 |
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Download Standardization of Electrophysiological Measures of Hearing in Marine Mammals Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
The primary goal of this project is to develop the technology and methods required to make quantitative, repeatable, and interpretable measurements of pinniped hearing sensitivity using averaged evoked potentials recorded from the surface of the head. This effort will advance understanding of marine mammal auditory physiology and provide the tools necessary for the study of population-level and species-level hearing so that noise impacts in marine ecosystems can be better understood. The immediate goals of this project are as follows: (1) transfer available technology from ongoing research with cetaceans to establish an appropriate system for recording auditory evoked potentials in pinnipeds, (2) develop protocols for electrode placement and stimulus presentation that result in optimal evoked potential recordings, (3) measure the hearing sensitivity of individuals from multiple pinniped species using evoked potential methodology, (4) benchmark the evoked potential measures of hearing against standard behavioral measurements obtained for the same individuals, and (5) compare both behavioral and physiological hearing measures obtained for pinnipeds with those obtained under similar conditions for dolphins. Development of standardized procedures and technologies for evoked potential audiometry that are suitable for marine mammal species are necessary to achieve the ultimate goals of understanding species-specific population level variations in hearing sensitivity and to move toward the ability to measure the hearing sensitivity of species for which behavioral methodologies are not applicable (e.g., baleen whales, beaked whales, Antarctic seals). Such information is essential to mitigating the effects of anthropogenic noise in the marine environment and furthering scientific knowledge of the role of acoustics in marine mammal biology, behavior, and ecology.
| Author | : Alexander Ya. Supin |
| Publisher | : Springer Science & Business Media |
| Total Pages | : 341 |
| Release | : 2012-12-06 |
| Genre | : Science |
| ISBN | : 1461516471 |
Download The Sensory Physiology of Aquatic Mammals Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
This book is actually a product of efforts of many people, not only of the authors. W ide investigations of marine mammals began in Russia (that time, in the former Soviet Union) in the 1960s when a few teams of enthusiasts founded in captivity experimental stations intended for keeping dolphins and seals and for performing experimental studies of these fascinating animals. It was a time when attention of many people throughout the world was attracted to dolphins and other marine mammals due to appearance of oceanariums and dolphinariums, which demonstrated unique capabilities of these animals. So scientists in many countries concentrated on studies of them. There was much to learn about the morphology, physiology, and psychology of marine mammals, and investigators spending their time and efforts on studies in this field were rewarded by a number of surprising findings. The authors of this book represent one of such research teams focused on the neuro- and sensory physiology of marine mammals. A few decades of studies naturally resulted in the idea to summarize in a book both the results of these studies and a large body of data in adjacent fields. Our goal was to synthesize the many research findings and the present knowledge on sensory capabilities and mechanisms of sensory systems of aquatic mammals. We realize, however, that the appearance of this book was made possible due to the help and assistance of many colleagues.
| Author | : National Research Council |
| Publisher | : National Academies Press |
| Total Pages | : 158 |
| Release | : 2000-05-11 |
| Genre | : Science |
| ISBN | : 0309172306 |
Download Marine Mammals and Low-Frequency Sound Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
Sound has become a major tool for studying the ocean. Although the ocean is relatively opaque to light, it is relatively transparent to sound. Sound having frequencies below 1,000 Hertz (Hz) is often defined as low-frequency sound. The speed of sound is proportional to the temperature of the water through which it passes. Therefore, sound speed can be used to infer the average temperature of the water volume through which sound waves have passed. The relationship between water temperature and the speed of sound is the basis for the Acoustic Thermometry of Ocean Climate (ATOC) experiment. The ATOC experiment is designed to monitor the travel time of sound between sources off the coasts of Hawaii and California and several receivers around the Pacific Ocean in order to detect trends in ocean temperature and for other research and monitoring purposes. Some whales, seals, and fish use low-frequency sound to communicate and to sense their environments. For example, baleen whales and some toothed whales are known to use and respond to low-frequency sound emitted by other individuals of their species. Sharks are not known to produce low-frequency sound but are attracted to pulsed low-frequency sounds. Therefore, it is possible that human-generated low-frequency sound could interfere with the natural behavior of whales, sharks, and some other marine animals. Marine Mammals and Low-Frequency Sound is an updated review of the National Research Council 1994 report Low-Frequency Sound and Marine Mammals: Current Knowledge and Research Needs, based on data obtained from the MMRP and results of any other relevant research, including ONR's research program in low-frequency sound and marine mammals. This report compares new data with the research needs specified in the 1994 NRC report, focusing on the strengths and weaknesses of the data for answering important outstanding questions about marine mammal responses to low-frequency sound and identifies areas where gaps in our knowledge continue to exist.
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| Total Pages | : 8 |
| Release | : 2009 |
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Download Marine Mammals: Hearing and Echolocation at Coconut Island Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
Marine Mammal sensory systems have evolved to effectively use acoustic energy in the oceans. Our objectives are to develop a basic understanding of hearing and echolocation so that knowledge can then be applied to the solution of practical problems as they arise. The most basic hearing measurement is the audiogram which is a series of thresholds across frequencies. It basically describes the hearing of an organism. Audiograms are the most basic of the hearing measures and are essential for describing the audiometrics of a species of animals. Of the 85 species of dolphins and whales we now have audiograms on 16 species. Audiograms on additional cetacean, and other marine mammal, species may be obtained from stranded animals, from animals in captive display situations, and from catch and release scenarios. We intend to obtain as many valid audiograms as possible as we seek new opportunities in new situations. Most marine mammal audiograms are obtained on individuals and published individually. Population estimates obtain increased validity with increased numbers of measurements. Other hearing measures such as directionality of hearing, and the mechanisms underlying that directionality, are also very important and little is known on most marine mammals. These measures will also be obtained whenever possible.
| Author | : Ronald A. Kastelein |
| Publisher | : Springer Science & Business Media |
| Total Pages | : 760 |
| Release | : 2012-12-06 |
| Genre | : Science |
| ISBN | : 1461534062 |
Download Marine Mammal Sensory Systems Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
This book is a collection of original research papers given at a symposium entitled "Sensory Systems and Behavior of Aquatic Mammals", hosted by the USSR Academy of Sciences. The meeting was held in Moscow from 16 to 25 October, 1991 and involved nearly 100 scientists from around the world. The major headings of the book correspond to the session topics at the symposium. This meeting was not the first dedicated to problems of sensory systems in aquatic mammals. Experts in this field met several times previously to discuss important problems of sensory functions in echolocating animals. symposia on biosonar systems were held in Frascati, Italy in 1966, then in Jersey, France in 1978, and in Helsingor, Denmark in 1986. Papers presented at these meetings were pUblished in books that advanced significantly the understanding of sensory systems (Busnel and Fish, 1980; Nachtigall and Moore, 1988). Initially, echolocating bats were the main subjects of consideration. However, studies on echolocating aquatic mammals, whales and dolphins, increased from one meeting to the next. Indeed, aquatic mammals are of exceptional interest for studying the adaptation of sensory functions for echolocation in specific aquatic environments. As a natural consequence of these developments, the 1989 symposium in Rome was devoted specifically to the sensory systems of cetaceans (Thomas and Kastelein, 1990). This symposium was held within the Fifth International Theriological Congress and was attended by many scientists.
| Author | : Jeanette A. Thomas |
| Publisher | : University of Chicago Press |
| Total Pages | : 640 |
| Release | : 2004 |
| Genre | : Nature |
| ISBN | : 9780226795980 |
Download Echolocation in Bats and Dolphins Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
Although bats and dolphins live in very different environments, are vastly different in size, and hunt different kinds of prey, both groups have evolved similar sonar systems, known as echolocation, to locate food and navigate the skies and seas. While much research has been conducted over the past thirty years on echolocation in bats and dolphins, this volume is the first to compare what is known about echolocation in each group, to point out what information is missing, and to identify future areas of research. Echolocation in Bats and Dolphins consists of six sections: mechanisms of echolocation signal production; the anatomy and physiology of signal reception and interpretation; performance and cognition; ecological and evolutionary aspects of echolocation mammals; theoretical and methodological topics; and possible echolocation capabilities in other mammals, including shrews, seals, and baleen whales. Animal behaviorists, ecologists, physiologists, and both scientists and engineers who work in the field of bioacoustics will benefit from this book.
| Author | : Mandy Lee Hill Cook |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 134 |
| Release | : 2006 |
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| ISBN | : 9781109866711 |
Download Behavioral and Auditory Evoked Potential (AEP) Hearing Measurements in Odontocete Cetaceans Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
Finally, the beaked whale was most sensitive to high frequency signals between 40 and 80 kHz, but produced smaller evoked potentials to 5 kHz, the lowest frequency tested. The beaked whale hearing range and sensitivity were similar to other odontocetes that have been measured.
| Author | : Lindsay Aitkin |
| Publisher | : Springer Science & Business Media |
| Total Pages | : 123 |
| Release | : 2012-12-06 |
| Genre | : Science |
| ISBN | : 3642587399 |
Download Hearing — the Brain and Auditory Communication in Marsupials Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
This monograph evolved from years of research into the auditory pathway and hearing of many species of marsupials. Its function is to give biologists, in par ticular neurobiologists, a broad description and review of what is known of the auditory sensory capacities and processing mechanisms in this large order of mammals. My initial interest in marsupials developed from collaborative work with Dr. Richard Gates at Monash and Melbourne Universities in the 1970s and by curiosity as to whether concepts about the auditory system was stimulated stemming from experiments mainly on domestic cats could be extended to mam mals of other orders. My subsequent interest in Australian marsupials, aroused by collaboration with Dr. John Nelson at Monash University in the 1980s and 1990s, concerned their auditory systems and behavior per se and not as primitive cousins of eutherians. More recently, I have collaborated with Dr. Bruce Masterton at Florida State University in studies of New World marsupials. His sad death in 1996 has robbed neurobiologists of one of our most provocative thinkers and hypothesis testers. I would like to thank the Department of Physiology at Monash University for making many facilities available to me, the National Health and Medical Research of Australia and the Australian Research Council for providing funds for Council research, and Jill Poynton and Michelle Mulholland, who illustrated this volume.
