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Basel Capital Requirements and Credit Crunch in the MENA Region

Basel Capital Requirements and Credit Crunch in the MENA Region
Author: Mr.Sami Ben Naceur
Publisher: International Monetary Fund
Total Pages: 39
Release: 2013-07-03
Genre: Business & Economics
ISBN: 1484354478

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The 1988 Basel I Accord set the common requirements of bank capital to promote the soundness and stability of the international banking system. The agreement required banks to hold capital in proportion to their perceived credit risks, and this requirement may have caused a “credit crunch,” a significant reduction in the supply of credit. We investigate the direct link between the implementation of the Basel I Accord and lending activities, using a data set spanning annual observations covering 1989–2004 for banks in Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon, Morocco, and Tunisia. The results provide clear support for a significant increase in credit growth following the implementation of capital regulations, in general. Despite higher capital adequacy ratios, banks expanded credit and asset growth. Credit growth appears to be driven by demand fluctuations attributed to real growth, cost of borrowing, and exchange rate risk. Overall, the effects of macroeconomic variables, in contrast to capital adequacy, appear to be more dominant in determining credit growth, regardless of the capital adequacy ratio, and regardless of variation across banks by nationality, ownership, and listing.


Basel Accord and Lending Behavior

Basel Accord and Lending Behavior
Author: Sami Ben Naceur
Publisher:
Total Pages: 38
Release: 2014
Genre:
ISBN:

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In 1988, an agreement was reached in Basel to set the common requirements of bank capital towards promoting the soundness and stability of the international banking system. Banks are required to hold capital in proportion to their perceived credit risks, which may have caused a quot;credit crunch,quot; resulting in a significant reduction in the supply of credit. We investigate the direct link between the implementation of the Basel Accord and lending activities using a data set spanning annual observations covering 1989-2004 for banks in Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon, Morocco, and Tunisia. The results provide clear support for a significant increase in credit growth following the implementation of capital regulations, in general. Despite higher capital adequacy ratio, banks expanded credit and assets growth. Credit growth appears to be driven by demand fluctuations attributed to real growth, cost of borrowing and exchange rate risk. Overall, the effects of macroeconomic variables, in contrast to capital adequacy, appear to be more dominant in determining credit growth, regardless of the capital adequacy ratio, and variation across banks by nationality, ownership, and listing.


Basel Capital Requirements and Credit Crunch in the MENA Region

Basel Capital Requirements and Credit Crunch in the MENA Region
Author: Mr.Sami Ben Naceur
Publisher: International Monetary Fund
Total Pages: 39
Release: 2013-07-03
Genre: Business & Economics
ISBN: 1475586272

Download Basel Capital Requirements and Credit Crunch in the MENA Region Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle

The 1988 Basel I Accord set the common requirements of bank capital to promote the soundness and stability of the international banking system. The agreement required banks to hold capital in proportion to their perceived credit risks, and this requirement may have caused a “credit crunch,” a significant reduction in the supply of credit. We investigate the direct link between the implementation of the Basel I Accord and lending activities, using a data set spanning annual observations covering 1989–2004 for banks in Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon, Morocco, and Tunisia. The results provide clear support for a significant increase in credit growth following the implementation of capital regulations, in general. Despite higher capital adequacy ratios, banks expanded credit and asset growth. Credit growth appears to be driven by demand fluctuations attributed to real growth, cost of borrowing, and exchange rate risk. Overall, the effects of macroeconomic variables, in contrast to capital adequacy, appear to be more dominant in determining credit growth, regardless of the capital adequacy ratio, and regardless of variation across banks by nationality, ownership, and listing.


Basel III and Bank-Lending: Evidence from the United States and Europe

Basel III and Bank-Lending: Evidence from the United States and Europe
Author: Mr.Sami Ben Naceur
Publisher: International Monetary Fund
Total Pages: 54
Release: 2017-11-15
Genre: Business & Economics
ISBN: 1484328302

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Using data on commercial banks in the United States and Europe, this paper analyses the impact of the new Basel III capital and liquidity regulation on bank-lending following the 2008 financial crisis. We find that U.S. banks reinforce their risk absorption capacities when expanding their credit activities. Capital ratios have significant, negative impacts on bank-retail-and-other-lending-growth for large European banks in the context of deleveraging and the “credit crunch” in Europe over the post-2008 financial crisis period. Additionally, liquidity indicators have positive but perverse effects on bank-lending-growth, which supports the need to consider heterogeneous banks’ characteristics and behaviors when implementing new regulatory policies.


Banks’ Adjustment to Basel III Reform

Banks’ Adjustment to Basel III Reform
Author: Michal Andrle
Publisher: International Monetary Fund
Total Pages: 23
Release: 2017-02-20
Genre: Business & Economics
ISBN: 1475579543

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The paper seeks to identify strategies of commercial banks in response to higher capital requirements of Basel III reform and its phase-in. It focuses on a sample of nine EU emerging market countries and picks up 5 largest banks in each country assessing their response. The paper finds that all banking sectors raised CAR ratios mainly through retained earnings. In countries where the banking sector struggled with profitability, banks have resorted to issuance of new equity or shrunk the size of their balance sheets to meet the higher capital-adequacy requirements. Worries echoed at the early stage of Basel III compilation, namely that commercial banks would shrink their balance sheet by reducing their lending to meet stricter capital requirements, did materialize only in banks struggling with profitability.


Banks and Capital Requirements

Banks and Capital Requirements
Author: Benjamin H. Cohen
Publisher:
Total Pages: 27
Release: 2014
Genre: Bank capital
ISBN: 9789291311446

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Banking On Basel

Banking On Basel
Author: Daniel Tarullo
Publisher: Columbia University Press
Total Pages: 327
Release: 2008-11-30
Genre: Business & Economics
ISBN: 0881324914

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The turmoil in financial markets that resulted from the 2007 subprime mortgage crisis in the United States indicates the need to dramatically transform regulation and supervision of financial institutions. Would these institutions have been sounder if the 2004 Revised Framework on International Convergence of Capital Measurement and Capital Standards (Basel II accord)—negotiated between 1999 and 2004—had already been fully implemented? Basel II represents a dramatic change in capital regulation of large banks in the countries represented on the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision: Its internal ratings–based approaches to capital regulation will allow large banks to use their own credit risk models to set minimum capital requirements. The Basel Committee itself implicitly acknowledged in spring 2008 that the revised framework would not have been adequate to contain the risks exposed by the subprime crisis and needed strengthening. This crisis has highlighted two more basic questions about Basel II: One, is the method of capital regulation incorporated in the revised framework fundamentally misguided? Two, even if the basic Basel II approach has promise as a paradigm for domestic regulation, is the effort at extensive international harmonization of capital rules and supervisory practice useful and appropriate? This book provides the answers. It evaluates Basel II as a bank regulatory paradigm and as an international arrangement, considers some possible alternatives, and recommends significant changes in the arrangement.


Monetary Issues in the Middle East and North Africa Region

Monetary Issues in the Middle East and North Africa Region
Author: Mr.Simon T Gray
Publisher: International Monetary Fund
Total Pages: 176
Release: 2013-05-15
Genre: Business & Economics
ISBN: 1475590563

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This paper documents the main themes covered in two seminars (December 2011 and September 2012) on monetary policy and implementation at the IMF—Middle East Center for Economics and Finance, and includes country case studies. Against the backdrop of the global financial crisis and swings in cross-border capital flows, operational frameworks have become more flexible, and liquidity management has impacted the relationship between the policy rate corridor and market rates. The balance sheet structure of central banks in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) shows differences between oil exporters and others, while a few countries have exhibited notable changes since early 2011. Collateral now has a significant financial stability function. Although only one MENA country is part of the G20, implementation of the Basel III bank capital adequacy and liquidity rules will most likely impact banks’ way of doing business in MENA countries, even if indirectly.


Banking Reforms in Africa

Banking Reforms in Africa
Author: Agnes Olatokunbo Martins
Publisher: Taylor & Francis
Total Pages: 216
Release: 2024-06-28
Genre: Business & Economics
ISBN: 1040085865

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This book comprehensively explores the intricate relationship between banking reforms, economic well-being, and poverty reduction across the African continent. Delving into the historical roots of banking reforms, it examines the resilience of banking sectors in key African countries like South Africa, Nigeria, Kenya, MENA, and beyond. The findings suggest that much attention should be paid to the design of banking systems and how banks are regulated. This focus on banks differs from many discussions on the topic, which tend to be more concerned with other policy areas such as economic policy, international trade policy, and aid. The book’s extensive and contemporary overview of banking reforms enables a comparative analysis of regulatory frameworks, supervision practices, and government interventions. It evaluates theoretical frameworks linking banking reforms to bank stability and resilience, drawing on financial intermediation, resource allocation, systemic risk, and financial development concepts. It empirically tests the causal relationships between the Basel II/III capital reforms, bank sector resilience, economic growth, and poverty reduction and identifies and analyses the channels and mechanisms through which banking reforms affect economic welfare and poverty reduction in Africa, such as credit availability, financial efficiency, financial innovation, and financial access. The book offers an insightful exploration into a brighter economic future on the African continent. The findings presented herein offer valuable insights for policymakers, researchers, and practitioners striving to enhance financial stability, foster economic growth, and alleviate poverty in Africa.


Applied Econometrics

Applied Econometrics
Author: Dimitrios Asteriou
Publisher: Palgrave Macmillan
Total Pages: 0
Release: 2011-05-15
Genre: Business & Economics
ISBN: 9780230271821

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Applied Econometrics takes an intuitive, hands-on approach to presenting modern econometrics. Wide-ranging yet compact, the book features extensive software integration and contains empirical applications throughout. It provides step-by-step guidelines for all econometric tests and methods of estimation, and also provides interpretations of the results. The second edition of this popular book features expanded topical coverage, more coverage of fundamental concepts for students new to the subject or requiring a "refresher", integrated finance applications throughout, as well as the addition of Stata to the software coverage (already featuring EViews and Microfit). New chapters include: - Limited Dependent Variable Regression Models - Identification in Standard and Cointegrated Systems - Solving Models This is an ideal book for undergraduate and master's economics or finance students taking a first course in applied econometrics. A companion website for this book is available at www.palgrave.com/economics/asteriou2 which contains: - Data files for students - PowerPoint slides for lecturers