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'Arms Race' Between Viral Proteases and the Host Immune System

'Arms Race' Between Viral Proteases and the Host Immune System
Author: Bindhu Hosuru
Publisher:
Total Pages: 0
Release: 2023
Genre:
ISBN:

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Viruses with a positive-sense single-stranded RNA genome [(+)ssRNA] encode proteases that antagonize the host immune system. Examples include picornaviruses, flaviviruses, and coronaviruses. The proteases they encode cleave not only key host proteins but also process viral polyproteins. Due to their dual role of cleaving numerous polyprotein sites as well as diverse host proteins, viral proteases' evolution is highly constrained. In spite of the strong evolutionary constraint, evidence suggests that viral proteases are engaged in a molecular 'arms race' with host proteins. Examples of such proteases include picornavirus 3C, flavivirus NS2B/NS3, and coronavirus 3CL. When proteases successfully cleave host proteins, it puts evolutionary pressure on the protein to escape viral antagonism. As a response, viral proteases undergo evolution to antagonize the newly evolved protein keeping its constraints in mind. Both these cases help explain why these evolutionary conflicts result in diverse protease-host interactions. It contributes to existing scientific findings on the pathogenicity of viral infection in hosts. Such examples highlight the importance of examining viral protease-host interactions through an evolutionary lens.


Evolution-guided Discovery of Species-specific Viral Protease Targets

Evolution-guided Discovery of Species-specific Viral Protease Targets
Author: Brian Vay Tsu
Publisher:
Total Pages: 160
Release: 2021
Genre:
ISBN:

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Many pathogens encode proteases that serve to antagonize the host immune system. In particular, viruses with a positive-sense single-stranded RNA genome ((+)ssRNA), including picornaviruses, flaviviruses, and coronaviruses, encode proteases that are not only required for processing the viral polyprotein into functional units but also manipulate crucial host cellular processes through their proteolytic activity. Because these proteases must coordinate both the cleavage of numerous polyprotein sites and subversion of host immunity, evolution of viral proteases is expected to be highly constrained. Despite this strong evolutionary constraint, these viral proteins and host immune factors are engaged in "evolutionary arms races" that results in diverse protease-host interactions even within closely related species. In some cases, rapid host gene evolution can result in avoidance of cleavage by viral proteases. In other, more recently described cases, hosts can evolve to bait viral proteases into cleaving them using a "tripwire" strategy of immune activation. Such data provide an explanation for why viral polyprotein sites evolve despite such a strong evolutionary constraint and highlight the importance of identifying and characterizing host proteins that are targeted by viral proteases. Moreover, such an evolutionary model provides insight into the changes in molecular functions between viral proteases and host factors, and underscores the role of viral proteases in viral host range, zoonosis and host immune gene evolution. Here, I describe a combined computational and functional approach that guide the discovery of new host targets of viral proteases, including the characterization of two new host innate immunity tripwires that trigger inflammation in response to viral protease activity.


Plant Proteases

Plant Proteases
Author: Mercedes Diaz-Mendoza
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Total Pages: 157
Release: 2020-01-24
Genre:
ISBN: 2889633993

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Plant proteases are involved in most aspects of plant physiology and development, playing key roles in the generation of signaling molecules and as regulators of essential cellular processes such as cell division and metabolism. They take part in important pathways like protein turnover by the degradation of misfolded proteins and the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, and they are responsible for post-translational modifications of proteins by proteolysis at highly specific sites. Proteases are also implicated in a great variety of environmentally controlled processes, including mobilization of storage proteins during seed germination, development of seedlings, senescence, programmed cell death and defense mechanisms against pests and pathogens. However, in spite of their importance, little is known about the functions and mode of actions of specific plant proteases. This Research Topic collects contributions covering diverse aspects of plant proteases research.


MHC Ligands and Peptide Motifs

MHC Ligands and Peptide Motifs
Author: Hans-Georg Rammensee
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Total Pages: 467
Release: 2013-11-11
Genre: Medical
ISBN: 3662221624

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This book is centered on a comprehensive list of MHC peptide motifs and ligands as known to date, together with selected T cell epitopes, arranged in an easy-to-read fashion. This information is put into context by chapters on MHC gene organization, MHC structure, T cell epitope prediction, antigen processing and T cell responses. In addition, the book provides a great deal of complementary information: amino acid sequences of MHC class I alpha1 and alpha2 domains and of class II alpha1 and beta1 domains, the established or predicted composition and specificity of MHC pockets, notes on MHC nomenclature including old assignments and reference to useful internet addresses. A handy reference manual that should be helpful for all those dealing with MHC-associated peptides.


Nijkamp and Parnham's Principles of Immunopharmacology

Nijkamp and Parnham's Principles of Immunopharmacology
Author: Michael J. Parnham
Publisher: Springer Nature
Total Pages: 888
Release: 2019-12-10
Genre: Medical
ISBN: 3030108112

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Principles of Immunopharmacology provides a unique source of essential knowledge on the immune response, its diagnosis and its modification by drugs and chemicals. The 4th edition of this internationally recognized textbook has been revised to include recent developments, but continues the established format, dealing with four related fields in a single volume, thus obviating the need to refer to several different textbooks. The first section of the book, providing a basic introduction to immunology and its relevance for human disease, has been updated to accommodate new immunological concepts, particularly the role of epigenetics and the latest understanding of cancer immunology. The second section on immunodiagnostics offers a topical description of widely used molecular techniques and a new chapter on imaging techniques. This is followed by a systematic coverage of drugs affecting the immune system, including natural products. This third section contains 15 updated chapters, covering classical immunopharmacological topics such as anti-asthmatic, anti-rheumatic and immunosuppressive drugs, but also deals with antibiotics, plant-derived and dietary agents, with new chapters on monoclonal antibodies, immunotherapy in sepsis and infection, drugs for soft-tissue autoimmunity and cell therapy. The book concludes with a chapter on immunotoxicology and drug safety tests. Aids to the reader include a two-column format, glossaries of technical terms and appendix reference tables. The emphasis on illustrations is maintained from the first three editions. The book is a valuable single reference for undergraduate and graduate medical and biomedical students, postgraduate chemistry and pharmacy students, researchers in chemistry, biochemistry and the pharmaceutical industry and researchers lacking basic immunological knowledge, who want to understand the actions of drugs on the immune system.


The Neutral Theory of Molecular Evolution

The Neutral Theory of Molecular Evolution
Author: Motoo Kimura
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Total Pages: 388
Release: 1985-01-10
Genre: Science
ISBN: 1139935674

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Motoo Kimura, as founder of the neutral theory, is uniquely placed to write this book. He first proposed the theory in 1968 to explain the unexpectedly high rate of evolutionary change and very large amount of intraspecific variability at the molecular level that had been uncovered by new techniques in molecular biology. The theory - which asserts that the great majority of evolutionary changes at the molecular level are caused not by Darwinian selection but by random drift of selectively neutral mutants - has caused controversy ever since. This book is the first comprehensive treatment of this subject and the author synthesises a wealth of material - ranging from a historical perspective, through recent molecular discoveries, to sophisticated mathematical arguments - all presented in a most lucid manner.


Fenner and White's Medical Virology

Fenner and White's Medical Virology
Author: Christopher J. Burrell
Publisher: Academic Press
Total Pages: 604
Release: 2016-11-09
Genre: Science
ISBN: 0123751578

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Fenner and White's Medical Virology, Fifth Edition provides an integrated view of related sciences, from cell biology, to medical epidemiology and human social behavior. The perspective represented by this book, that of medical virology as an infectious disease science, is meant to provide a starting point, an anchor, for those who must relate the subject to clinical practice, public health practice, scholarly research, and other endeavors. The book presents detailed exposition on the properties of viruses, how viruses replicate, and how viruses cause disease. These chapters are then followed by an overview of the principles of diagnosis, epidemiology, and how virus infections can be controlled. The first section concludes with a discussion on emergence and attempts to predict the next major public health challenges. These form a guide for delving into the specific diseases of interest to the reader as described in Part II. This lucid and concise, yet comprehensive, text is admirably suited to the needs of not only advanced students of science and medicine, but also postgraduate students, teachers, and research workers in all areas of virology. Features updated and expanded coverage of pathogenesis and immunity Contains the latest laboratory diagnostic methods Provides insights into clinical features of human viral disease, vaccines, chemotherapy, epidemiology, and control


Molecular Biology of The Cell

Molecular Biology of The Cell
Author: Bruce Alberts
Publisher:
Total Pages: 0
Release: 2002
Genre: Cytology
ISBN: 9780815332183

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