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Answer Set Programming

Answer Set Programming
Author: Vladimir Lifschitz
Publisher: Springer Nature
Total Pages: 190
Release: 2019-08-29
Genre: Computers
ISBN: 3030246582

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Answer set programming (ASP) is a programming methodology oriented towards combinatorial search problems. In such a problem, the goal is to find a solution among a large but finite number of possibilities. The idea of ASP came from research on artificial intelligence and computational logic. ASP is a form of declarative programming: an ASP program describes what is counted as a solution to the problem, but does not specify an algorithm for solving it. Search is performed by sophisticated software systems called answer set solvers. Combinatorial search problems often arise in science and technology, and ASP has found applications in diverse areas—in historical linguistic, in bioinformatics, in robotics, in space exploration, in oil and gas industry, and many others. The importance of this programming method was recognized by the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence in 2016, when AI Magazine published a special issue on answer set programming. The book introduces the reader to the theory and practice of ASP. It describes the input language of the answer set solver CLINGO, which was designed at the University of Potsdam in Germany and is used today by ASP programmers in many countries. It includes numerous examples of ASP programs and present the mathematical theory that ASP is based on. There are many exercises with complete solutions.


Answer Set Solving in Practice

Answer Set Solving in Practice
Author: Martin Gebser
Publisher: Morgan & Claypool Publishers
Total Pages: 241
Release: 2013
Genre: Computers
ISBN: 1608459713

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Answer Set Programming (ASP) is a declarative problem solving approach, initially tailored to modelling problems in the area of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning (KRR). This book presents a practical introduction to ASP. It introduces ASP's solving technology, modelling language and methodology, while illustrating the overall solving process with practical examples.


Knowledge Representation, Reasoning, and the Design of Intelligent Agents

Knowledge Representation, Reasoning, and the Design of Intelligent Agents
Author: Michael Gelfond
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Total Pages: 363
Release: 2014-03-10
Genre: Computers
ISBN: 1107782872

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Knowledge representation and reasoning is the foundation of artificial intelligence, declarative programming, and the design of knowledge-intensive software systems capable of performing intelligent tasks. Using logical and probabilistic formalisms based on answer set programming (ASP) and action languages, this book shows how knowledge-intensive systems can be given knowledge about the world and how it can be used to solve non-trivial computational problems. The authors maintain a balance between mathematical analysis and practical design of intelligent agents. All the concepts, such as answering queries, planning, diagnostics, and probabilistic reasoning, are illustrated by programs of ASP. The text can be used for AI-related undergraduate and graduate classes and by researchers who would like to learn more about ASP and knowledge representation.


Reasoning Web. Semantic Technologies for Information Systems

Reasoning Web. Semantic Technologies for Information Systems
Author: Sergio Tessaris
Publisher: Springer
Total Pages: 364
Release: 2009-09-01
Genre: Computers
ISBN: 3642037542

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This book contains a collection of revised tutorial papers based on lectures given by researchers at the 5th International Summer School on the Reasoning Web. It introduces semantic web methods and research issues with a particular emphasis on reasoning.


Handbook of Parallel Constraint Reasoning

Handbook of Parallel Constraint Reasoning
Author: Youssef Hamadi
Publisher: Springer
Total Pages: 687
Release: 2018-04-05
Genre: Computers
ISBN: 3319635166

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This is the first book presenting a broad overview of parallelism in constraint-based reasoning formalisms. In recent years, an increasing number of contributions have been made on scaling constraint reasoning thanks to parallel architectures. The goal in this book is to overview these achievements in a concise way, assuming the reader is familiar with the classical, sequential background. It presents work demonstrating the use of multiple resources from single machine multi-core and GPU-based computations to very large scale distributed execution platforms up to 80,000 processing units. The contributions in the book cover the most important and recent contributions in parallel propositional satisfiability (SAT), maximum satisfiability (MaxSAT), quantified Boolean formulas (QBF), satisfiability modulo theory (SMT), theorem proving (TP), answer set programming (ASP), mixed integer linear programming (MILP), constraint programming (CP), stochastic local search (SLS), optimal path finding with A*, model checking for linear-time temporal logic (MC/LTL), binary decision diagrams (BDD), and model-based diagnosis (MBD). The book is suitable for researchers, graduate students, advanced undergraduates, and practitioners who wish to learn about the state of the art in parallel constraint reasoning.


Reasoning Web. Declarative Artificial Intelligence

Reasoning Web. Declarative Artificial Intelligence
Author: Marco Manna
Publisher: Springer Nature
Total Pages: 255
Release: 2020-10-17
Genre: Computers
ISBN: 303060067X

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This volume contains 8 lecture notes of the 16th Reasoning Web Summer School (RW 2020), held in Oslo, Norway, in June 2020. The Reasoning Web series of annual summer schools has become the prime educational event in the field of reasoning techniques on the Web, attracting both young and established researchers. The broad theme of this year's summer school was “Declarative Artificial Intelligence” and it covered various aspects of ontological reasoning and related issues that are of particular interest to Semantic Web and Linked Data applications. The following eight lectures have been presented during the school: Introduction to Probabilistic Ontologies, On the Complexity of Learning Description Logic Ontologies, Explanation via Machine Arguing, Stream Reasoning: From Theory to Practice, First-Order Rewritability of Temporal Ontology-Mediated Queries, An Introduction to Answer Set Programming and Some of Its Extensions, Declarative Data Analysis using Limit Datalog Programs, and Knowledge Graphs: Research Directions.


Inductive Logic Programming

Inductive Logic Programming
Author: Stephen Muggleton
Publisher:
Total Pages: 412
Release: 2014-01-15
Genre:
ISBN: 9783662186947

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Commonsense Reasoning

Commonsense Reasoning
Author: Erik T. Mueller
Publisher: Elsevier
Total Pages: 431
Release: 2010-07-26
Genre: Computers
ISBN: 0080476619

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To endow computers with common sense is one of the major long-term goals of Artificial Intelligence research. One approach to this problem is to formalize commonsense reasoning using mathematical logic. Commonsense Reasoning is a detailed, high-level reference on logic-based commonsense reasoning. It uses the event calculus, a highly powerful and usable tool for commonsense reasoning, which Erik T. Mueller demonstrates as the most effective tool for the broadest range of applications. He provides an up-to-date work promoting the use of the event calculus for commonsense reasoning, and bringing into one place information scattered across many books and papers. Mueller shares the knowledge gained in using the event calculus and extends the literature with detailed event calculus solutions to problems that span many areas of the commonsense world. Covers key areas of commonsense reasoning including action, change, defaults, space, and mental states. The first full book on commonsense reasoning to use the event calculus. Contextualizes the event calculus within the framework of commonsense reasoning, introducing the event calculus as the best method overall. Focuses on how to use the event calculus formalism to perform commonsense reasoning, while existing papers and books examine the formalisms themselves. Includes fully worked out proofs and circumscriptions for every example.


The Logic Programming Paradigm

The Logic Programming Paradigm
Author: Krzysztof R. Apt
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Total Pages: 457
Release: 2012-12-06
Genre: Computers
ISBN: 3642600859

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This exciting new text reveals both the evolution of this programming paradigm since its inception and the impressively broad scope of current research in the field. The contributors to this book are all leading world experts in Logic Programming, and they deal with both theoretical and practical issues. They address such diverse topics as: computational molecular biology, machine learning, mobile computing, multi-agent systems, planning, numerical computing and dynamical systems, database systems, an alternative to the "formulas as types" approach, program semantics and analysis, and natural language processing. XXXXXXX Neuer Text Logic Programming was founded 25 years ago. This exciting book reveals both the evolution of this programming paradigm and its impressively broad scope of current research. The contributions by leading computer scientists deal with both theoretical and practical issues. They address diverse topics such as: computational molecular biology, machine learning, mobile computing, multi-agent systems, numerical computing and dynamical systems, database systems, program semantics, natural language processing, and promising future directions.


Knowledge Representation, Reasoning and Declarative Problem Solving

Knowledge Representation, Reasoning and Declarative Problem Solving
Author: Chitta Baral
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Total Pages: 546
Release: 2003-01-09
Genre: Computers
ISBN: 1139436449

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Baral shows how to write programs that behave intelligently, by giving them the ability to express knowledge and to reason. This book will appeal to practising and would-be knowledge engineers wishing to learn more about the subject in courses or through self-teaching.