Advancements In The Understanding Of Anthropogenic Impacts On The Microbial Ecology And Function Of Aquatic Environments PDF Download

Microbial communities are made up of microscopic organisms: viruses, bacteria, archaea, eukaryotes, and fungi. Their ability to exist under various and sometimes extreme conditions allows them to thrive in all corners of the environment. Aquatic environments cover 70% of the earth's surface and much of it is undergoing drastic human-impacted change. Rises in atmospheric temperature are leading to an increase in surface water temperatures, which leads to a cascade of ecological impacts, including oxygen depletion through physical and biological means. In this dissertation, I demonstrate how microbial communities, particularly bacteria, archaea, and phages (viruses that can impact prokaryotes) impact biogeochemical cycling in anoxic lakes. Using holistic approaches that cover both cultivation-dependent and independent methods, I aim to expand the way we approach studying microbial communities by leveraging interdisciplinary strengths to demonstrate that microbes and phages are interacting members that are highly dynamic in time and space. In Chapter 1 (Introduction), I summarize the role of freshwater lakes in biogeochemical cycling by focusing on the transformations that occur in the water column. For context, I compare and contrast some of the physical features of Lake Tanganyika and Lake Mendota, the two study sites in this work. I then give a broad summary of what is known about microbial and viral function in anoxic lakes. Together, these form the rationale for the next chapters. In Chapter 2, I used physiological and genomic evidence to characterize bacteria that were able to produce hydrogen sulfide under oxic conditions, a process typically associated with dissimilatory sulfate reduction which occurs under anoxic conditions. This work demonstrates and expands the spatiotemporal scope of hydrogen sulfide sources and sinks in the environment. In Chapter 3, I used genome-resolved metagenomics to characterize the potential contribution of bacteria and archaea in Lake Tanganyika, a permanently anoxic lake that happens to be one of the world's deepest and oldest lakes. This revealed that the anoxic hypolimnion of Lake Tanganyika had an extremely high proportion of Archaea, and endemic microorganisms, compared to other freshwater lakes worldwide, giving insight into the interplay between long-term anoxia and evolution. In Chapter 4, I provide a commentary that argues for a holistic way to study biogeochemical cycling: from an organismal and methodological perspective. In Chapter 5, I apply this holistic framework to assess the impact and interactions between phage and prokaryotes on biogeochemical cycling in a seasonally anoxic freshwater lake. We found that the bacterial community was sensitive to deoxygenation but the viral community was not. A broad range of bacterial taxa were infected by phages, but phages were highly specific. Phage-impacted bacteria were active in methane, sulfur, and nitrogen metabolism. Finally, time-series phage activity data showed the dynamic impact of phage-host interactions for nutrient cycling. Overall, the knowledge and framework generated in these studies improves our understanding of complex multi-kingdom species interactions and their associations with microbiology, ecology, and biogeochemistry in anoxic environments.