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Do the first two years of life really determine a childÕs future development? Are human beings, like other primates, only motivated by pleasure? And do people actually have stable traits, like intelligence, fear, anxiety, and temperament? This book, the product of a lifetime of research by one of the founders of developmental psychology, takes on the powerful assumptions behind these questionsÑand proves them mistaken. Ranging with impressive ease from cultural history to philosophy to psychological research literature, Jerome Kagan weaves an argument that will rock the social sciences and the foundations of public policy. Scientists, as well as lay people, tend to think of abstract processesÑlike intelligence or fearÑas measurable entities, of which someone might have more or less. This approach, in KaganÕs analysis, shows a blindness to the power of context and to the great variability within any individual subject to different emotions and circumstances. ÒInfant determinismÓ is another widespread and dearly held conviction that Kagan contests. This theoryÑwith its claim that early relationships determine lifelong patternsÑunderestimates human resiliency and adaptiveness, both emotional and cognitive (and, of course, fails to account for the happy products of miserable childhoods and vice versa). The last of KaganÕs targets is the vastly overrated pleasure principle, which, he argues, can hardly make sense of unselfish behavior impelled by the desire for virtue and self-respectÑthe wish to do the right thing. Written in a lively style that uses fables and fairy tales, history and science to make philosophical points, this book challenges some of our most cherished notions about human nature.