Actuation Aware Simplified Dynamic Models For Robotic Legged Locomotion PDF Download

In the recent years, we witnessed an ever increasing number of successful hardware implementations of motion planners for legged robots. If one common property is to be identified among these real-world applications, that is the ability of performing online (re)planning. Online planning is forgiving, in the sense that it allows to relentlessly compensate for external disturbances of whatever form they might be, ranging from unmodeled dynamics to external pushes or unexpected obstacles and, at the same time, follow user commands. Initially replanning was restricted only to heuristic-based planners that exploit the low computational effort of simplified dynamic models. Such models deliberately only capture the main dynamics of the system, thus leaving to the controllers the issue of anchoring the desired trajectory to the whole body model of the robot. In recent years, however, a number of novel Model Predictive Control (MPC) approaches have been presented that attempt to increase the accuracy of the obtained solutions by employing more complex dynamic formulations, this without trading-off the computational efficiency of simplified models. In this dissertation, as an example of successful hardware implementation of heuristics and simplified model-based locomotion, I first describe the control framework that I developed for the generation of an omni-directional bounding gait for the HyQ quadruped robot. By analyzing the stable limit cycles for the sagittal dynamics and the Center of Pressure (CoP) for the lateral stabilization, the described locomotion framework is able to achieve a stable bounding gait while adapting the footsteps to terrains of mild roughness and to sudden changes of the user desired linear and angular velocities. The next topic reported and second contribution of this dissertation is my effort to formulate more descriptive simplified dynamic models, without compromising their computational efficiency, in order to extend the navigation capabilities of legged robots to complex geometry environments. With this in mind, I investigated the possibility of incorporating feasibility constraints in these template models and, in particular, I focused on the joint-torque limits, which are usually neglected at the planning stage. Along the same direction, the third contribution discussed in this thesis is the formulation of the so called actuation wrench polytope (AWP), defined as the set of feasible wrenches that an articulated robot can perform given its actuation limits. Interesected with the contact wrench cone (CWC), this yields a new 6D polytope that we name feasible wrench polytope (FWP), defined as the set of all wrenches that a legged robot can realize given its actuation capabilities and the friction constraints. Results are reported where, thanks to efficient computational geometry algorithms and to appropriate approximations, the FWP is employed for a one-step receding horizon optimization of center of mass trajectory and phase durations given a predefined step sequence on rough terrains. In order to augment the robot’s reachable workspace, I then decided to trade off the generality of the FWP formulation for a suboptimal scenario in which a quasi-static motion is assumed. This led to the definition of a new concept that I refer to under the name of feasible region. This can be seen as a different variant of 2D linear subspaces orthogonal to gravity where the robot is guaranteed to place its own center of mass (CoM) while being able to carry its own body weight given its actuation capabilities. The feasible region provides an intuitive tool for the visualization in 2D of the actuation capabilities of legged robots. The low dimensionality of the feasible region also enables the concurrent online optimization of actuation consistent CoM trajectories and target foothold locations on rough terrains, which can hardly be achieved with other state-of-the-art approaches.