A Study In Incidental Memory PDF Download

From the INTRODUCTORY. A LARGE amount of knowledge is acquired incidentally. In the development of all mental life this fact plays a most important part. The child exercises the faculty of memory from early childhood, hut no one would maintain that it does so with a purpose to remember anything. Its first acts are determined by its physical needs, which awaken instinctive action in response to these needs. As the child becomes adapted to its environment, new experiences arise, and much that was not the immediate object of the child's activity becomes a part of his memory-content. While learning to walk, for example, the child is interested in reaching an objective point or in challenging the approval of nurse or parents, and is not interested in mere walking as such; but, realizing that movements of the limbs, and attempts at balance prove successful, the child casually observes what happened and incidentally associates the successful movement with the result achieved. Most of our habits, whether good or bad, are developed incidentally as by-products to some other habit, act, or condition of the individual. Little progress could be made if it depended upon a ''determination to learn.'' On the other hand there are myriads of familiar objects and events which occur together in time and place, whose relations have seldom or never been associated in the mind of the individual. When tested for recall of such associations the answers from the average person are very indefinite. This is because the particular relations or conditions to be recalled are not essential to the experience of the individual, and consequently such associations, if formed at all, were so faint as to be wholly or partially lost. This is illustrated by the fact that the most fervent worshipper may not be able to quote a certain prayer he has heard scores of times. Many church-goers can not repeat the particular benediction they have heard pronounced almost every Sunday of their lives. The banker handles money day after day for a life time, perhaps, and most people handle money more or less frequently, but few have a definite idea of the size of a dollar bill or the commonly used coins. Experience teaches one to know what a postage stamp is when it is seen, yet hardly a person could mail a letter if he were first compelled unexpectedly to represent by a drawing the exact size and detailed features of a postage stamp. People learn to count time by means of a watch or a clock at an early age, but few people of any age know whether the watch with which they are most familiar has Roman or Arabic notation; fewer still can show with any degree of accuracy how these figures appear on the dial. Many things one has said and done, and events that have become thoroughly familiar may not be recalled as attached to any definite date. In case a group of disparate stimuli are presented to the senses, certain qualities about the objects of sense may be accurately perceived, but these qualities may not always be assigned to the special objects to which they belong in the stimuli. We may also have certain prejudice and presuppositions in terms of which many or all of our perceptions are moulded....