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U.S. Naval Weather Service Numerical Environmental Products Manual

U.S. Naval Weather Service Numerical Environmental Products Manual
Author: Edwin T. Harding
Publisher:
Total Pages: 322
Release: 1979
Genre:
ISBN:

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During the past decade, numerical forecasting has assumed a dominant role in Naval Weather Service operations. Numerical objective analyses and prognoses have largely replaced the old ponderously-produced, subjective manual products. The decision to explore the feasibility of adopting numerical forecasting in the Navy was motivated by the growing evidence that the huge volume of available hemispheric data had outrun man's ability to digest it efficiently. Computers offered an exciting prospect of being able to do a much better job. A strong consideration for computers was the growing demand in the Navy for a wider range of high-quality products, particularly oceanographic products. The decision to explore the Navy potential in numerical forecasting was not one to be taken lightly, since this would ultimately involve a large allocation of Naval Weather Service assets in men and money with no assurance that these assets could be provided by drawing from existing field activities. Numerical forecasting was still a struggling infant as a scientific tool, and many were convinced that numerical forecasting would remain forever in the R and D stage, never to appear operationally. The founding fathers of today's Fleet Numerical Weather Central (FNWC) were aggressive and knowledgeable. In a surprisingly short time, programs were developed, rapid communications methods were devised, and computer products were receiving favorable evaluations in the field. This early success encouraged further support for an expansion of the numerical development group. The goal was to build toward a Naval Weather Service System around FNWC.


Climatological Marine-fog Frequencies Derived from a Synthesis of the Visibility-weather Group Elements of the Transient-ship Synoptic Reports

Climatological Marine-fog Frequencies Derived from a Synthesis of the Visibility-weather Group Elements of the Transient-ship Synoptic Reports
Author: Robert J. Renard
Publisher:
Total Pages: 64
Release: 1975
Genre: Fog
ISBN:

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The study presents the essentials of a method of synthesizing the visibility-weather group elements of marine synoptic reports into a computerized scheme for the purpose of deriving frequencies of marine-fog occurrence. The program, based on an interpretation of reporting guidelines in the Synoptic Code Manual, uses 16 combinations of present and past weather, and visibility, to identify fog in the reports. The program then objectively assigns the duration of fog for the period represented by each of the reports. A prototype climatology of marine-fog occurrence for July, over the North Pacific Ocean, is derived from application of the method to a ten-year data base (1963-72). Results are compared and discussed in relation to other published coastal and marine-fog climatologies. Diurnal fog frequencies at sea and the compatibility of fog observations from Ocean Weather Stations and transient ships are also treated. The continuing work and its goals are described.


Marine Fog Development Along the West Coast During 1973 Using Transient Ship and Coastal Station Observations

Marine Fog Development Along the West Coast During 1973 Using Transient Ship and Coastal Station Observations
Author: George Stephen Evermann
Publisher:
Total Pages: 216
Release: 1976
Genre: Fog
ISBN:

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Using transient ship observations, a hypothetical five phase Marine Fog Development (MFD) Model was applied to four actual cases of summer marine fog during 1973 along the central California coast. The MFD Model incorporates a phase zero or synoptic phase and a proposed Coastal Convergence Zone (CCZ) concept into previous West Coast fog models. Phase zero describes the synoptic conditions that establish the marine layer over the coastal regions and explains the presence of low stratus over cast which normally exists prior to fog development cases. The CCZ concept defines a transition zone in which warm dry continental air converges with cool moist marine air and denotes the seaward extent of coastal influence. The location of the transitory CCZ is dependent upon the strength of offshore flow of continental air from the coastal region. The location where this flow meets the prevailing northwesterlies becomes the most likely site of marine fog formation. Selected synoptic scale meteorological parameters were examined and incorporated with transient ship and coastal station observations. This appeared to be an effective technique for tracking the CCZ and identifying fog phase development. (Author).