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| Author | : Jacob A. Marinsky |
| Publisher | : CRC Press |
| Total Pages | : 424 |
| Release | : 1997-02-21 |
| Genre | : Science |
| ISBN | : 9780824798253 |
"Volume 13 of this important series continues in the tradition of its widely received predecessors, presenting current advances and results in solvent extraction. Contains nearly 800 helpful drawings, tables, equations and bibliographic citations."
| Author | : |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 21 |
| Release | : 2016 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : |
Even at a concentration of 3 [mu]g/L, the world's oceans contain a thousand times more uranium than currently know terrestrial sources. In order to take advantage of this stockpile, methods and materials must be developed to extract it efficiently, a difficult task considering the very low concentration of the element and the competition for extraction by other atoms in seawater such as sodium, calcium, and vanadium. The majority of current research on methods to extract uranium from seawater are vertical explorations of the grafting of amidoxime ligand which was originally discovered and promoted by Japanese studies in the late 1980s. Our study expands on this research horizontally by exploring the effectiveness of novel uranium extraction ligands grafted to the surface of polymer substrates using radiation. Through this expansion, a greater understanding of uranium binding chemistry and radiation grafting effects on polymers has been obtained. While amidoxime-functionalized fabrics have been shown to have the greatest extraction efficiency so far, they suffer from an extensive chemical processing step which involves treatment with powerful basic solutions. Not only does this add to the chemical waste produced in the extraction process and add to the method's complexity, but it also significantly impacts the regenerability of the amidoxime fabric. The approach of this project has been to utilize alternative, commercially available monomers capable of extracting uranium and containing a carbon-carbon double bond to allow it to be grafted using radiation, specifically phosphate, oxalate, and azo monomers. The use of commercially available monomers and radiation grafting with electron beam or gamma irradiation will allow for an easily scalable fabrication process once the technology has been optimized. The need to develop a cheap and reliable method for extracting uranium from seawater is extremely valuable to energy independence and will extend the quantity of uranium available to the nuclear power industry far into the future. The development of this technology will also promote science in relation to the extraction of other elements from seawater which could expand the known stockpiles of other highly desirable materials.
| Author | : |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 20 |
| Release | : 2016 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : |
Even at a concentration of 3 [mu]g/L, the world's oceans contain a thousand times more uranium than currently know terrestrial sources. In order to take advantage of this stockpile, methods and materials must be developed to extract it efficiently, a difficult task considering the very low concentration of the element and the competition for extraction by other atoms in seawater such as sodium, calcium, and vanadium. The majority of current research on methods to extract uranium from seawater are vertical explorations of the grafting of amidoxime ligand which was originally discovered and promoted by Japanese studies in the late 1980s. Our study expands on this research horizontally by exploring the effectiveness of novel uranium extraction ligands grafted to the surface of polymer substrates using radiation. Through this expansion, a greater understanding of uranium binding chemistry and radiation grafting effects on polymers has been obtained. While amidoxime-functionalized fabrics have been shown to have the greatest extraction efficiency so far, they suffer from an extensive chemical processing step which involves treatment with powerful basic solutions. Not only does this add to the chemical waste produced in the extraction process and add to the method's complexity, but it also significantly impacts the regenerability of the amidoxime fabric. The approach of this project has been to utilize alternative, commercially available monomers capable of extracting uranium and containing a carbon-carbon double bond to allow it to be grafted using radiation, specifically phosphate, oxalate, and azo monomers. The use of commercially available monomers and radiation grafting with electron beam or gamma irradiation will allow for an easily scalable fabrication process once the technology has been optimized. The need to develop a cheap and reliable method for extracting uranium from seawater is extremely valuable to energy independence and will extend the quantity of uranium available to the nuclear power industry far into the future. The development of this technology will also promote science in relation to the extraction of other elements from seawater which could expand the known stockpiles of other highly desirable materials.
| Author | : Amanda M. Hamlet |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 82 |
| Release | : 2017 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : |
As global economies grow and demand more energy, scientists work to develop alternative sources to meet demand. Developing countries, e.g. China and India in particular, will turn to nuclear power to meet their energy needs, increasing demand for uranium. There are enough land-based uranium reserves to cover current demand for about 120 years. However, increasing demand will shorten this estimate and require mines to tap into harder-to-extract reserves resulting in higher prices and greater environmental footprints. An unlimited supply of uranium, roughly 4.3 billion tonnes, is dissolved in the ocean at a concentration of 3 parts per billion. Chemists have been developing polymers to extract uranium from seawater to provide fuel and price security for the nuclear power industry. Coupling a system that extracts uranium with an existing offshore structure, such as a wind turbine, reduces the cost of deployment and operation as well as the overall price of uranium from the ocean. In ocean-based systems, trace metals such as uranium are passively removed via adsorbent polymers. These polymers are not inherently strong or durable, however. One solution is to enclose them in a shell structure that bears the environmental loads. This work aims to characterize the flow of water in and around porous shells containing uranium adsorbent to inform the design of a uranium extraction device. Shells with different hole patterns were fabricated and tested. The corresponding flow in and around the shells was examined qualitatively using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and dye flow studies. The form drag of the different shells was determined experimentally and verified through CFD. The results were used to model a chain of uranium adsorbent shells submerged in the ocean and subject to various currents. The dynamic forces due to vortex-induced vibration were studied to determine resonant frequencies. Findings will be used to inform uranium extraction system design in an offshore environment.
| Author | : Nidal Hilal |
| Publisher | : CRC Press |
| Total Pages | : 740 |
| Release | : 2015-03-02 |
| Genre | : Science |
| ISBN | : 1482210460 |
Membranes play a crucial role in ensuring the optimum use and recovery of materials in manufacturing. In the process industries, they are required for efficient production and minimization of environmental impact. They are also essential for the efficient production of clean water, a significant global issue. Membrane Fabrication brings together ex
| Author | : Arthur E. Martell |
| Publisher | : Springer Science & Business Media |
| Total Pages | : 259 |
| Release | : 2013-06-29 |
| Genre | : Science |
| ISBN | : 1489914862 |
Stability constants are fundamental to understanding the behavior of metal ions in aqueous solution. Such understanding is important in a wide variety of areas, such as metal ions in biology, biomedical applications, metal ions in the environment, extraction metallurgy, food chemistry, and metal ions in many industrial processes. In spite of this importance, it appears that many inorganic chemists have lost an appreciation for the importance of stability constants, and the thermodynamic aspects of complex formation, with attention focused over the last thirty years on newer areas, such as organometallic chemistry. This book is an attempt to show the richness of chemistry that can be revealed by stability constants, when measured as part of an overall strategy aimed at understanding the complexing properties of a particular ligand or metal ion. Thus, for example, there are numerous crystal structures of the Li+ ion with crown ethers. What do these indicate to us about the chemistry of Li+ with crown ethers? In fact, most of these crystal structures are in a sense misleading, in that the Li+ ion forms no complexes, or at best very weak complexes, with familiar crown ethers such as l2-crown-4, in any known solvent. Thus, without the stability constants, our understanding of the chemistry of a metal ion with any particular ligand must be regarded as incomplete. In this book we attempt to show how stability constants can reveal factors in ligand design which could not readily be deduced from any other physical technique.
| Author | : Maha Niametullah Haji |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 167 |
| Release | : 2017 |
| Genre | : Ocean |
| ISBN | : |
Seawater is estimated to contain 4.5 billion tonnes of uranium, approximately 1000 times that available in conventional terrestrial resources. Finding a sustainable way to harvest uranium from seawater will provide a source of nuclear fuel for generations to come, while also giving all countries with ocean access a stable supply. This will also eliminate the need to store spent fuel for potential future reprocessing, thereby addressing nuclear proliferation issues as well. While extraction of uranium from seawater has been researched for decades, no economical, robust, ocean-deployable method of uranium collection has been presented to date. This thesis presents a symbiotic approach to ocean harvesting of uranium where a common structure supports a wind turbine and a device to harvest uranium from seawater. The Symbiotic Machine for Ocean uRanium Extraction (SMORE) created and tested decouples the function of absorbing uranium from the function of deploying the absorbent which enables a more efficient absorbent to be developed by chemists. The initial SMORE concept involves an adsorbent device that is cycled through the seawater beneath the turbine and through an elution plant located on a platform above the sea surface. This design allows for more frequent harvesting, reduced down- time, and a reduction in the recovery costs of the adsorbent. Specifically, the design decouples the mechanical and chemical requirements of the device through a hard, permeable outer shell containing uranium adsorbing fibers. This system is designed to be used with the 5-MW NREL OC3-Hywind floating spar wind turbine. To optimize the decoupling of the chemical and mechanical requirements using the shell enclosures for the uranium adsorbing fibers, an initial design analysis of the enclosures is presented. Moreover, a flume experiment using filtered, temperature- controlled seawater was developed to determine the effect that the shells have on the uptake of the uranium by the fibers they enclose. For this experiment, the AI8 amidoxime-based adsorbent fiber developed by Oak Ridge National Laboratory was used, which is a hollow-gear-shaped, high surface area polyethylene fiber prepared by radiation-induced graft polymerization of the amidoxime ligand and a vinylphosphonic acid comonomer. The results of the flume experiment were then used to inform the design and fabrication of two 1/10th physical scale SMORE prototypes for ocean testing. The AI8 adsorbent fibers were tested in two shell designs on both a stationary and a moving system during a nine-week ocean trial, with the latter allowing the effect of additional water flow on the adsorbents uranium uptake to be investigated. A novel method using the measurement of radium extracted onto MnO2 impregnated acrylic fibers to quantify the volume of water passing through the shells of the two systems was utilized. The effect of a full-scale uranium harvesting system on the hydrodynamics of an offshore wind turbine were then investigated using a 1/150th Froude scale wave tank test. These experiments compared the measured excitation forces and responses of two versions of SMORE to those of an unmodified floating wind turbine. With insights from the experiments on what a final full-scale design might look like, a cost-analysis was performed to determine the overall uranium production cost from a SMORE device. In this analysis, the capital, operating, and decommissioning costs were calculated and summed using discounted cash ow techniques similar to those used in previous economic models of the uranium adsorbent. Major contributions of this thesis include fundamental design tools for the development and evaluation of symbiotic systems to harvest uranium or other minerals from seawater. These tools will allow others to design offshore uranium harvesting systems based on the adsorbent properties and the scale of the intended installation. These flexible tools can be tuned for a particular adsorbent, location, and installation size, thereby allowing this technology to spread broadly.
| Author | : Chad Wheeler Priest |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 211 |
| Release | : 2018 |
| Genre | : Seawater |
| ISBN | : 9780438430679 |
Uranium's economical consumption is based on the industrial nuclear fuel cycle. Today there remains 4-6 million tons of terrestrial uranium in Earth's ores. However, as the projected population is estimated to double by 2040, current uranium reserves are only estimated to provide nuclear fuel for the next century. Unconventional methods for acquiring uranium are, therefore, required to maintain longevity and sustainability for future economic nuclear energy demands.
| Author | : Darshan Jitendra Sachde |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 482 |
| Release | : 2011 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : |
Technology to recover uranium from seawater may act as a potential backstop on the production cost of uranium in a growing international nuclear industry. Convincing proof of the existence of an effective expected upper limit on the resource price would have a strong effect on decisions relating to deployment of uranium resource consuming reactor technologies. This evaluation proceeds from a review of backstop technologies to detailed analyses of the production cost of uranium extraction via an amidoxime braid adsorbent system developed by the Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA). An independent cost assessment of the braid adsorbent system is developed to reflect a project implemented in the United States. The cost assessment is evaluated as a life cycle discounted cash flow model to account for the time value of money and time-dependent performance parameters. In addition, the cost assessment includes uncertainty propagation to provide a probabilistic range of uranium production costs for the braid adsorbent system. Results reveal that uncertainty in adsorbent performance (specifically, adsorption capacity, kg U/tonne adsorbent) is the dominant contributor to overall uncertainty in uranium production costs. Further sensitivity analyses reveal adsorbent capacity, degradation and production costs as key system cost drivers. Optimization of adsorbent performance via alternate production or elution pathways provides an opportunity to significantly reduce uranium production costs. Finally, quantification of uncertainty in production costs is a primary policy objective of the analysis. Continuing investment in this technology as a viable backstop requires the ability to assess cost and benefits while incorporating risk.
| Author | : Ministry of Education, Science and Culture, Japan |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 66 |
| Release | : 1987 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : |
