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| Author | : Bryony Beresford |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 69 |
| Release | : 2008 |
| Genre | : Consumer behavior |
| ISBN | : 9781871713244 |
| Author | : Erica Yu |
| Publisher | : Frontiers E-books |
| Total Pages | : 260 |
| Release | : 2014-10-24 |
| Genre | : Decision making |
| ISBN | : 2889192709 |
At the core of the many debates throughout cognitive science concerning how decisions are made are the processes governing the time course of preference formation and decision. From perceptual choices, such as whether the signal on a radar screen indicates an enemy missile or a spot on a CT scan indicates a tumor, to cognitive value-based decisions, such as selecting an agreeable flatmate or deciding the guilt of a defendant, significant and everyday decisions are dynamic over time. Phenomena such as decoy effects, preference reversals and order effects are still puzzling researchers. For example, in a legal context, jurors receive discrete pieces of evidence in sequence, and must integrate these pieces together to reach a singular verdict. From a standard Bayesian viewpoint the order in which people receive the evidence should not influence their final decision, and yet order effects seem a robust empirical phenomena in many decision contexts. Current research on how decisions unfold, especially in a dynamic environment, is advancing our theoretical understanding of decision making. This Research Topic aims to review and further explore the time course of a decision - from how prior beliefs are formed to how those beliefs are used and updated over time, towards the formation of preferences and choices and post-decision processes and effects. Research literatures encompassing varied approaches to the time-scale of decisions will be brought into scope: a) Speeded decisions (and post-decision processes) that require the accumulation of noisy and possibly non-stationary perceptual evidence (e.g., randomly moving dots stimuli), within a few seconds, with or without temporal uncertainty. b) Temporally-extended, value-based decisions that integrate feedback values (e.g., gambling machines) and internally-generated decision criteria (e.g., when one switches attention, selectively, between the various aspects of several choice alternatives). c) Temporally extended, belief-based decisions that build on the integration of evidence, which interacts with the decision maker's belief system, towards the updating of the beliefs and the formation of judgments and preferences (as in the legal context). Research that emphasizes theoretical concerns (including optimality analysis) and mechanisms underlying the decision process, both neural and cognitive, is presented, as well as research that combines experimental and computational levels of analysis.
| Author | : Bryony Beresford |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 69 |
| Release | : 2008 |
| Genre | : Consumer behavior |
| ISBN | : 9781871713244 |
| Author | : Kanghoon Jung |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 322 |
| Release | : 2014 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : |
A fundamental question in decision neuroscience is how cognitive processes underlying decision-making give rise to efficient decisions, especially in complex situations with multiple choice options, and each option consisting of multiple attributes such as outcome, cost, and uncertainty. These cognitive processes include attention, learning, and memory. While much is known about each process individually, less is known about how they interact: that is, the underlying cognitive dynamics. The present thesis aims to provide an integrated framework for understanding the cognitive dynamics at the behavioral, computational, and neural levels. Behavioral studies presented in this thesis investigated the influences of attention, memory, and reward on decision-making by quantitatively characterizing dynamic modulations of two critical components of choice behavior: bias (i.e., the skew of the choice distribution across options) and persistence (i.e. repeated choices). These studies provide evidence that attentional and motivational control guide multi-attribute decisions by selecting attributes to maximize payoff or minimize effort, and by generating robust persistent actions. In addition, memory related to recollection and familiarity influences choice bias and persistence, respectively. A computational model that accounts for attentional and motivational control based on the multi-attribute choice context is then presented. The model captured behavioral data, and suggests that (a) choices are selectively biased toward more distinct attributes; and (b) persistence results from memory-dependent learning rates. Finally, using single-unit recordings, this thesis directly explored neuronal representations of subjective utility during decisions under uncertainty in the lateral prefrontal cortex, a high-level cognition area of the brain. This study provides evidence that lateral prefrontal neurons code expected value and uncertainty of choices. By combining approaches from psychology, economics, and computational and systems neuroscience, this thesis provides a significantly improved characterization of the cognitive dynamics that, when in harmony, contribute to better decisions.
| Author | : Ben R. Newell |
| Publisher | : Psychology Press |
| Total Pages | : 470 |
| Release | : 2007-08-07 |
| Genre | : Psychology |
| ISBN | : 113542022X |
We all face a perplexing array of decisions every day. Straight Choices provides an integrative account of the psychology of decision making, in which clear connections are made between empirical results and how these results can help us to understand our uncertain world. Throughout the text, there is an emphasis on the relationship between learning and decision making. The authors argue that the best way to understand how and why decisions are made is in the context of the learning and knowledge acquisition that precedes them and the feedback that follows them. The mechanisms of learning and the structure of environments in which decisions are made are carefully examined to explore the ways in which they act on our choices. From this, the authors go on to consider whether we are all constrained to fall prey to biases or whether with sufficient exposure can we find optimal decision strategies and improve our decision making. This novel approach integrates findings from the decision and learning literatures to provide a unique perspective on the psychology of decision making. It will be of interest to researchers and students in cognitive psychology, as well as researchers in economics and philosophy interested in the nature of decision making.
| Author | : Tilmann Betsch |
| Publisher | : Psychology Press |
| Total Pages | : 423 |
| Release | : 2014-04-04 |
| Genre | : Business & Economics |
| ISBN | : 1135622949 |
Experience is currently a hot theme in decision making. For a long time, decision research was almost exclusively focused on new decisions and neglected the importance of experience. It took the field until the 1990s for a new direction in research and theorizing to become visible in the literature. There are parallel movements happening in sociology, political science, social psychology, and business. The purpose of this edited book is to provide a balanced and representative overview of what is currently known about the dynamics of experienced-based decision making. The chapters are written by renowned experts in the field and provide the latest theoretical developments, integrative frameworks, and state-of-the-art reviews of research in the laboratory and in the field.
| Author | : Ray Crozier |
| Publisher | : Routledge |
| Total Pages | : 272 |
| Release | : 2002-09-11 |
| Genre | : Business & Economics |
| ISBN | : 1134726783 |
This book offers an exciting new collection of recent research on the actual processes that humans use when making decisions in their everyday lives and in business situations. The contributors use cognitive psychological techniques to break down the constituent processes and set them in their social context. The contributors are from many different countries and draw upon a wide range of techniques, making this book a valuable resource to cognitive psychologists in applied settings, economists and managers.
| Author | : Tanisha Owens |
| Publisher | : Tanisha Owens |
| Total Pages | : 45 |
| Release | : 2023-06-08 |
| Genre | : Business & Economics |
| ISBN | : |
The story "The Science of Decision-Making: Understanding and Enhancing Your Choices" takes readers on a journey through the fascinating world of decision-making. The book is divided into seven chapters, each exploring different aspects of the decision-making process and offering insights into how individuals can improve their choices. Chapter 1 introduces readers to the science behind decision-making and its significance in our lives. It emphasizes the importance of understanding the factors that influence our decisions and provides an overview of the subsequent chapters. Chapter 2 dives into the topic of cognitive biases and their impact on decision-making. Readers learn about the common biases that can cloud judgment and lead to suboptimal choices. The chapter highlights the need to be aware of these biases and offers strategies to overcome them. Chapter 3 delves into the psychology of decision-making, exploring the cognitive and emotional factors that shape our choices. It examines how our perceptions, emotions, and beliefs influence decision-making processes and provides techniques to enhance decision-making by understanding our psychological tendencies. Chapter 4 takes a neurobiological perspective, exploring how the brain is involved in decision-making. It examines the neural mechanisms behind decision-making processes and discusses the influence of factors such as emotions, memory, and reward systems. The chapter sheds light on how understanding the neurobiology of decision-making can help us make better choices. Chapter 5 focuses on rational decision-making. It explores decision-making models, logic, and reasoning. Readers learn about structured approaches to decision-making, such as cost-benefit analysis and decision matrices, which can help enhance rational decision-making. Chapter 6 delves into the ethical dimensions of decision-making. It discusses the importance of considering moral principles and values when making choices and provides frameworks for ethical decision-making. The chapter explores the challenges and dilemmas that can arise and offers strategies to navigate them while maintaining integrity. Chapter 7 concludes the book by exploring techniques to enhance decision-making skills. It covers topics such as analytical thinking, building decision-making competencies, harnessing technology and tools, managing biases, and fostering continuous learning. Readers gain practical strategies to improve their decision-making abilities and achieve better outcomes. Overall, the story takes readers on a comprehensive journey through the science, psychology, neurobiology, and ethics of decision-making. It empowers individuals with knowledge and techniques to understand the complexities of decision-making and make informed choices that align with their goals and values.
| Author | : Barry Schwartz |
| Publisher | : Harper Collins |
| Total Pages | : 308 |
| Release | : 2009-10-13 |
| Genre | : Psychology |
| ISBN | : 0061748994 |
Whether we're buying a pair of jeans, ordering a cup of coffee, selecting a long-distance carrier, applying to college, choosing a doctor, or setting up a 401(k), everyday decisions—both big and small—have become increasingly complex due to the overwhelming abundance of choice with which we are presented. As Americans, we assume that more choice means better options and greater satisfaction. But beware of excessive choice: choice overload can make you question the decisions you make before you even make them, it can set you up for unrealistically high expectations, and it can make you blame yourself for any and all failures. In the long run, this can lead to decision-making paralysis, anxiety, and perpetual stress. And, in a culture that tells us that there is no excuse for falling short of perfection when your options are limitless, too much choice can lead to clinical depression. In The Paradox of Choice, Barry Schwartz explains at what point choice—the hallmark of individual freedom and self-determination that we so cherish—becomes detrimental to our psychological and emotional well-being. In accessible, engaging, and anecdotal prose, Schwartz shows how the dramatic explosion in choice—from the mundane to the profound challenges of balancing career, family, and individual needs—has paradoxically become a problem instead of a solution. Schwartz also shows how our obsession with choice encourages us to seek that which makes us feel worse. By synthesizing current research in the social sciences, Schwartz makes the counter intuitive case that eliminating choices can greatly reduce the stress, anxiety, and busyness of our lives. He offers eleven practical steps on how to limit choices to a manageable number, have the discipline to focus on those that are important and ignore the rest, and ultimately derive greater satisfaction from the choices you have to make.
| Author | : Reid Hastie |
| Publisher | : SAGE Publications |
| Total Pages | : 393 |
| Release | : 2009-11-17 |
| Genre | : Psychology |
| ISBN | : 1483342840 |
"The authors are highly respected as leading figures in the field of judgment and decision making. There are many existing books on topics related to judgment and decision making, but this book makes a unique contribution to this field because of its systematic and scholarly approach, and its breadth of coverage." —Robert Goldstone, Indiana University "Reid Hastie and Robyn Dawes are two of the most eminent researchers in the field. I know these authors to be excellent writers and I have no doubt that their writing style will be suitable for my students." —William Goldstein, University of Chicago In the new edition of this award-winning text, renowned authors Reid Hastie and Robyn Dawes compare and contrast the basic principles of rationality with actual behavior in making decisions. This book explores theories and research findings from the field of judgment and decision making in a non-technical manner, using anecdotes as a teaching device. Intended as an introductory textbook for advanced undergraduate and graduate students, the material not only is of scholarly interest but is practical as well. New to This Edition Chapter introductions, conclusions, and cross-references between chapters make the text more student friendly An abundance of examples from areas such as finance, medicine, law, and engineering anchor concepts to the real world Increased consideration of descriptive, psychological models of decision making augment the original emphasis on normative, rational, "Expected Utility Theory" models, bring the book up to date Balance among the three major approaches to judgment and decision making: cognitive psychological analyses of mental processes and heuristics, descriptive algebraic models of judgment and decision processes, and rational models of decision making
