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Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Taxation in the Region of the Americas

Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Taxation in the Region of the Americas
Author: Global Health Advocacy Incubator
Publisher:
Total Pages: 64
Release: 2021-02-09
Genre: Medical
ISBN: 9789275122990

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Sugar-sweetened beverage excise taxes are an effective evidence-based noncommunicable diseases (NCD) prevention policy. Along with tobacco and alcohol excise taxes, they are a tool to attain the Sustainable Development Goals, and are recommended by the World Health Organization to modify behavioral risk factors associated with obesity and NCDs, as featured in the WHO Global Action Plan. Taxes on sugar-sweetened beverages have been described as a triple win for governments, because they 1) improuve population health, 2) generate revenue, and 3) have the potential to reduce long-term associated healthcare costs and productivity losses. Taxation of sugar-sweetened beverages has been implemented in more than 73 countries worldwide. In the Region of the Americas, 21 PAHO/WHO Member States apply national-level excise taxes on sugar-sweetened beverages and seven jurisdictions apply local sugar-sweetened beverage taxes in the United States of America. While the number of countries applying national excise taxes on sugar-sweetened beverages in the Region is promising, most of these taxes could be further leveraged to improve their impact on sugar-sweetened beverages consumption and health. This publication provides economic concepts related to the economic rationale for using sugar-sweetened beverage taxes and the costs associated with obesity; key considerations on tax design including tax types, bases, and rates; an overview of potential tax revenue and earmarking; evidence on the extent to which these taxes are expected to impact prices of taxed beverages, the demand for taxed beverages, and substitution to untaxed beverages; and responses to frequent questions about the economic impacts of sugar-sweetened beverage taxation.


Soda Politics

Soda Politics
Author: Marion Nestle
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Total Pages: 352
Release: 2015-09-07
Genre: Medical
ISBN: 0190263458

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Sodas are astonishing products. Little more than flavored sugar-water, these drinks cost practically nothing to produce or buy, yet have turned their makers--principally Coca-Cola and PepsiCo--into a multibillion-dollar industry with global recognition, distribution, and political power. Billed as "refreshing," "tasty," "crisp," and "the real thing," sodas also happen to be so well established to contribute to poor dental hygiene, higher calorie intake, obesity, and type-2 diabetes that the first line of defense against any of these conditions is to simply stop drinking them. Habitually drinking large volumes of soda not only harms individual health, but also burdens societies with runaway healthcare costs. So how did products containing absurdly inexpensive ingredients become multibillion dollar industries and international brand icons, while also having a devastating impact on public health? In Soda Politics, the 2016 James Beard Award for Writing & Literature Winner, Dr. Marion Nestle answers this question by detailing all of the ways that the soft drink industry works overtime to make drinking soda as common and accepted as drinking water, for adults and children. Dr. Nestle, a renowned food and nutrition policy expert and public health advocate, shows how sodas are principally miracles of advertising; Coca-Cola and PepsiCo spend billions of dollars each year to promote their sale to children, minorities, and low-income populations, in developing as well as industrialized nations. And once they have stimulated that demand, they leave no stone unturned to protect profits. That includes lobbying to prevent any measures that would discourage soda sales, strategically donating money to health organizations and researchers who can make the science about sodas appear confusing, and engaging in Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) activities to create goodwill and silence critics. Soda Politics follows the money trail wherever it leads, revealing how hard Big Soda works to sell as much of their products as possible to an increasingly obese world. But Soda Politics does more than just diagnose a problem--it encourages readers to help find solutions. From Berkeley to Mexico City and beyond, advocates are successfully countering the relentless marketing, promotion, and political protection of sugary drinks. And their actions are having an impact--for all of the hardball and softball tactics the soft drink industry employs to maintain the status quo, soda consumption has been flat or falling for years. Health advocacy campaigns are now the single greatest threat to soda companies' profits. Soda Politics provides readers with the tools they need to keep up pressure on Big Soda in order to build healthier and more sustainable food systems.


The Impact of Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Taxes on Purchases

The Impact of Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Taxes on Purchases
Author: John Horan Cawley (Jr.)
Publisher:
Total Pages: 43
Release: 2019
Genre: Carbonated beverages
ISBN:

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Since 2017, many U.S. cities have implemented taxes on sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) to decrease consumption of sugary beverages and raise revenue. In this paper, we analyze household receipt data to examine the impact of SSB taxes on households' purchases of taxed and untaxed beverages in the four largest U.S. cities with such taxes: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; San Francisco, California; Seattle, Washington; and Oakland, California. We estimate the impact of these taxes by comparing changes in monthly household purchases in the treatment cities to changes in one of two comparison groups: 1) areas adjacent to the treatment cities; or 2) a matched set of households nationally. We find that an increase in the beverage tax rate of 1 cent per ounce decreases household purchases of taxed beverages by 53.0 ounces per month or 12.2 percent. This impact is small in magnitude and consistent with a reduction in individual consumption of 5 calories per day per household member and eventual reduction in weight of 0.5 pounds. When we examine results separately by city, we find that the decline was concentrated in Philadelphia, where the tax decreased purchases by 27.7 percent. We do not find impacts of the taxes in the other three cities combined.


Obesity and Diabetes

Obesity and Diabetes
Author: Joel Faintuch
Publisher: Springer Nature
Total Pages: 994
Release: 2020-12-14
Genre: Medical
ISBN: 3030533700

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Now in its second edition, this comprehensive handbook provides a state-of-the-art overview of recent advances in drug and non-drug therapies for obesity and diabetes. It also addresses major comorbidities, covering topics such as, cardiovascular diseases, renal and neuropsychiatric disorders, appetite control and micro RNAs. Special attention is also devoted to pediatric care, including the latest recommendations for therapy and prevention. Obesity and type 2 diabetes are among the top global health-care budget concerns worldwide and impact professional practice at all levels: in hospitals, clinics and physicians’ offices alike. They prominently feature in headlines, and virtually no family, community or country is exempt from their protean, deleterious consequences. Furthermore, given the multiple intersections in their pathways, they often go hand in hand. The good news is that scientific advances in all fields, including genomics, metabolomics, lipidomics and microbiomics, are increasing our understanding of these two disease areas. At the same time, artificial intelligence, machine learning, mobile health and advanced implantable and external devices are rendering prevention and management more available, safe and cost-effective. In addition, bariatric and metabolic surgery has evolved from a niche specialty to an officially endorsed option for several modalities of obesity and diabetes. This book presents the latest lifestyle, pharmacological, surgical and non-surgical treatment options, including endoscopic intervention and cell therapy. Objectively reviewing natural and artificial sweeteners and critically examining issues such as public health initiatives, government mandated taxes for unhealthy foods and environmental planning, no stone is left unturned in gathering the latest practical information. As such, the book will appeal to seasoned specialists, as well as students and healthcare professionals in training.


The Impact of Sugar-sweetened Beverage Taxes on Purchases

The Impact of Sugar-sweetened Beverage Taxes on Purchases
Author: John Horan Cawley (Jr.)
Publisher:
Total Pages: 0
Release: 2019
Genre: Diet in disease
ISBN:

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Since 2017, many U.S. cities have implemented taxes on sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) to decrease consumption of sugary beverages and raise revenue. In this paper, we analyze household receipt data to examine the impact of SSB taxes on households' purchases of taxed and untaxed beverages in the four largest U.S. cities with such taxes: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; San Francisco, California; Seattle, Washington; and Oakland, California. We estimate the impact of these taxes by comparing changes in monthly household purchases in the treatment cities to changes in one of two comparison groups: 1) areas adjacent to the treatment cities; or 2) a matched set of households nationally. We find that an increase in the beverage tax rate of 1 cent per ounce decreases household purchases of taxed beverages by 53.0 ounces per month or 12.2 percent. This impact is small in magnitude and consistent with a reduction in individual consumption of 5 calories per day per household member and eventual reduction in weight of 0.5 pounds. When we examine results separately by city, we find that the decline was concentrated in Philadelphia, where the tax decreased purchases by 27.7 percent. We do not find impacts of the taxes in the other three cities combined.


Sugar-sweetened Beverage Taxes

Sugar-sweetened Beverage Taxes
Author: Roberta R. Friedman
Publisher:
Total Pages: 8
Release: 2012
Genre:
ISBN:

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Since the Rudd Center's 2009 publication of our first policy brief on soft drink taxes, significant progress has been made in the effort to reduce consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs). The body of scientific literature that links consumption to overweight, obesity, and chronic illnesses has grown substantially. Dozens of cities and states have launched public health SSB campaigns and implemented or proposed policies to reduce SSB availability. Taxing SSBs is still considered by many public health experts and policymakers to be one of the best strategies to improve the nation’s nutrition, raise revenue for health programs, and recover the medical and insurance costs of treating diet-related diseases. Since 2009, policymakers in approximately 24 states and 6 cities have proposed SSB taxes, and more than 25 national and state organizations have recommended or endorsed them. Other countries, including Denmark, Finland, France, and Hungary, have taxes on SSBs.


Communities in Action

Communities in Action
Author: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
Publisher: National Academies Press
Total Pages: 583
Release: 2017-04-27
Genre: Medical
ISBN: 0309452961

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In the United States, some populations suffer from far greater disparities in health than others. Those disparities are caused not only by fundamental differences in health status across segments of the population, but also because of inequities in factors that impact health status, so-called determinants of health. Only part of an individual's health status depends on his or her behavior and choice; community-wide problems like poverty, unemployment, poor education, inadequate housing, poor public transportation, interpersonal violence, and decaying neighborhoods also contribute to health inequities, as well as the historic and ongoing interplay of structures, policies, and norms that shape lives. When these factors are not optimal in a community, it does not mean they are intractable: such inequities can be mitigated by social policies that can shape health in powerful ways. Communities in Action: Pathways to Health Equity seeks to delineate the causes of and the solutions to health inequities in the United States. This report focuses on what communities can do to promote health equity, what actions are needed by the many and varied stakeholders that are part of communities or support them, as well as the root causes and structural barriers that need to be overcome.


The Potential Impact of Sugar‐sweetened Beverage Taxes in New York State

The Potential Impact of Sugar‐sweetened Beverage Taxes in New York State
Author: Y. Claire Wang
Publisher:
Total Pages: 39
Release: 2010
Genre:
ISBN:

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The increasing consumption of sugar‐sweetened beverages (SSBs), including soda, fruit punches, sweetened tea, sports drinks, energy drinks and all other beverages with added caloric sweeteners, has been linked to increases in obesity and several chronic diseases, most notably type 2 diabetes. In the face of a dual epidemic of obesity and diabetes, the Institute of Medicine (IOM) recently advocated fiscal policies and local ordinances as a possible strategy to discourage the consumption of foods and beverages such as SSBs that are high in calories but low in nutritional value. In addition to existing sales taxes levied in several states, public health experts have proposed an excise tax on these beverages to further discourage consumption of these "empty calories". This report evaluates the potential economic and health impact of a hypothetical penny‐an‐ounce tax for New York State. We estimate that the proposed tax has the potential to result in a 20‐25% increase in SSB prices in retail outlets and a 15‐20% reduction in the overall consumption of these beverages among New York State residents. From a health perspective, the expected reduction in SSB consumption could potentially prevent ~37,400 diabetes cases within the next decade, saving approximately $1.2 billion dollars in medical costs. In addition, the tax could potentially prevent 145,000 adults from becoming obese, translating into $2.1 billion dollars of direct savings from medical expenditure attributable to obesity. The health benefit and medical savings are larger among African Americans and Hispanics than among non‐Hispanic Whites. Lower income individuals are expected to accrue a disproportionally larger share of the health benefit. An excise tax will also generate tax revenue close to $1 billion each year for the State, a significant fiscal resource that could be used to support education programs and infrastructure designed to promote healthy eating and active living for the New York State population.


Taxing Soda for Public Health

Taxing Soda for Public Health
Author: Yann Le Bodo
Publisher: Springer
Total Pages: 253
Release: 2016-08-17
Genre: Medical
ISBN: 3319336487

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This timely reference analyzes the rationale, impact, and feasibility of taxation of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) as a public health measure to contribute curbing obesity and diabetes rates, specifically in Canada. It presents the pros and cons of taxing soda, with the latest data on adverse health effects of its consumption, plus the various business and political issues surrounding the contentious proposition. Reviewed research is multidisciplinary, spanning health and medicine to ethics, economics, and law. Conclusions and caveats are clear and presented at a comfort level for the general reader. The result is a blueprint for analyzing the relevancy of taxes on sweetened soft drinks or other low-nutrition food products, plus a trove of valuable insights into aspects of government decision-making and consumer food behavior. Included in the coverage: · Reasons for specifically targeting SSBs · SSB taxation as a public health policy instrument · Effects of SSB taxation on energy intakes and population health · Potential undesirable effects relating to SSB taxation · Social and political acceptability of SSB taxation · Evaluability of SSB taxation Taxing Soda for Public Health will interest policymakers, public health professionals, advocacy groups, and researchers at the Canadian and international levels (e.g., in areas such as public health, nutrition, food and health policies, health economics, and evaluation), as well as students and all other parties interested in nutrition policies.