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Spatial Economics Volume I

Spatial Economics Volume I
Author: Stefano Colombo
Publisher: Springer Nature
Total Pages: 346
Release: 2020-09-23
Genre: Business & Economics
ISBN: 3030400980

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Space is a crucial variable in any economic activity. Spatial Economics is the branch of economics that explicitly aims to incorporate the space dimension in the analysis of economic phenomena. From its beginning in the last century, Spatial Economics has contributed to the understanding of the economy by developing plenty of theoretical models as well as econometric techniques having the “space” as a core dimension of the analysis. This edited volume addresses the complex issue of Spatial Economics from a theoretical point of view. This volume is part of a more complex project including another edited volume (Spatial Economics Volume II: Applications) collecting original papers which address Spatial Economics from an applied perspective.


Spatial Competition in a Differentiated Market with Asymmetric Costs

Spatial Competition in a Differentiated Market with Asymmetric Costs
Author: Tarek H. Selim
Publisher:
Total Pages: 0
Release: 2020
Genre:
ISBN:

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Spatial quality choice is introduced, where consumers are horizontally differentiated by taste and firms vertically differentiated by quality location, within an equilibrium model of duopoly competition characterized by asymmetric fixed and variable costs. Firms choose quality location followed by prices but then may vertically re-locate their quality offerings based on changing horizontal consumer taste. A monopolistic equilibrium solution arises with firms achieving positive economic profits through price-quality markups exceeding marginal costs. Under strict inequality conditions, each firm acts as a monopolistic competitor within a range of quality choices governed by multiple relative differentiation outcomes. On the other hand, vertical re-location exhibits a resistance to change on the part of vertically located firms such that firms dislike quality re-location and prefer stable preferences in quality. Such resistance to change is overcome by firms re-locating their quality offerings to maximize monopolistic brand-space gains. It is argued that more horizontal differentiation may force more product differentiation by vertical quality relocation. A relative change in quality preferences may result in wider quality spreads in the market through vertical quality re-locations, even though the resistance to change arguments may still hold good.


Optimal Product Differentiation in a Circular Model

Optimal Product Differentiation in a Circular Model
Author: Qiang Gong
Publisher:
Total Pages: 32
Release: 2016
Genre:
ISBN:

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Since circular model was introduced in Salop (1979), it has been the workhorse for analyzing spatial competition among differentiated firms. A common assumption in this literature is that firms are evenly spaced on the circle, even when entry is allowed. We characterize conditions for even spacing to be an equilibrium, using a two-stage (location-then-price) circular model with general transport cost function. Under duopoly competition, we characterize a mild sufficient condition -- the first derivative of transport cost is concave (together with an assumption governing the transport cost difference to the two firms). If one only considers pure strategy equilibrium in prices, this sufficient condition is weakened to the first derivative of transport cost being -1-concave. These conditions ensure that firms' profits are concave in their prices when firms are evenly spaced and that even spacing maximizes profits. Under oligopoly competition (N>= 2 firms), we characterize a necessary condition for even spacing to be an equilibrium. This necessary condition requires a firm's profit to be concave in location at the symmetric location. It involves the third derivative of transport cost function, so having convex transport cost in general is neither necessary nor sufficient to determine equilibrium location choice. Our results have implications for studies employing circular models, especially in terms of welfare analysis which depends on firms' location choices.


The Geography of Competition

The Geography of Competition
Author: John R. Miron
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Total Pages: 474
Release: 2010-03-16
Genre: Business & Economics
ISBN: 1441956263

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This book provides a comprehensive, up-to-date, and expert synthesis of location theory. What are the impacts of a firm’s geographic location on the locations of customers, suppliers, and competitors in a market economy? How, when, and why does this result in the clustering of firms in space? When and how is society made better or worse off as a result? This book uses dozens of locational models to address aspects of these three questions. Classical location problems considered include Greenhut-Manne, Hitchcock-Koopmans, and Weber-Launhardt. The book reinterprets competitive location theory, focusing on the linkages between Walrasian price equilibrium and the localization of firms. It also demonstrates that competitive location theory offers diverse ideas about the nature of market equilibrium in geographic space and its implications for a broad range of public policies, including free trade, industrial policy, regional development, and investment in infrastructure. With an extensive bibliography and fresh, interdisciplinary approach, the book will be an invaluable reference for academics and researchers with an interest in regional science, economic geography, and urban planning, as well as policy advisors, urban planners, and consultants.


Spatial Competition and Price Discrimination with Capacity Constraints

Spatial Competition and Price Discrimination with Capacity Constraints
Author: Matthias Hunold
Publisher:
Total Pages:
Release: 2019
Genre:
ISBN:

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We characterize mixed-strategy equilibria when capacity constrained suppliers can charge location-based prices to different customers. We establish an equilibrium with prices that weakly increase in the costs of supplying a customer. Despite prices above costs and excess capacities, each supplier exclusively serves its home market in equilibrium. Competition yields volatile market shares and an inefficient allocation of customers to firms. Even ex-post cross-supplies may restore efficiency only partly. We show that consumers may benefit from price discrimination whereas the the firms make the same profits as with uniform pricing. We use our findings to discuss recent competition policy cases and provide hints for a more refined coordinated-effects analysis.


Observable Managerial Incentives and Spatial Competition

Observable Managerial Incentives and Spatial Competition
Author: Domenico Scalera
Publisher:
Total Pages: 0
Release: 2008
Genre:
ISBN:

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In this paper we investigate the relationship between product market competition and managerial incentives within a circular city model with observable agency contracts. With respect to the case of unobservability studied by Raith (2003), we find that optimal managerial contracts provide lower incentives, and that equilibrium expected prices and profits are higher. Changes in competition fundamentals have ambiguous effects, but observable contracts alleviate their impact on incentives. Finally, observability involves three major implications: managerial incentives are higher under price regulation than under competition; prices may increase with the number of firms; consumer welfare may diminish when competition increases.


The Effects of Zoning in Spatial Competition

The Effects of Zoning in Spatial Competition
Author: Hamid Hamoudi
Publisher:
Total Pages: 0
Release: 2012
Genre:
ISBN:

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This paper considers a location model to illustrate the effect of zoning on competition. A planner is in charge of designing a city in a circular space where firms and consumers are located on different sides. With this type of market configuration, equilibrium in location under concave transport costs is proved. Then, a welfare function with different weights attached to consumer and firm surpluses is introduced to highlight zoning regulation as an influential competition policy tool. Depending on the regulator's political profiles and the demand, it is shown that zoning can lead to strong, weak, or moderate competition.


Economic Geography and Public Policy

Economic Geography and Public Policy
Author: Richard Baldwin
Publisher: Princeton University Press
Total Pages: 500
Release: 2011-10-16
Genre: Business & Economics
ISBN: 1400841232

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Research on the spatial aspects of economic activity has flourished over the past decade due to the emergence of new theory, new data, and an intense interest on the part of policymakers, especially in Europe but increasingly in North America and elsewhere as well. However, these efforts--collectively known as the "new economic geography"--have devoted little attention to the policy implications of the new theory. Economic Geography and Public Policy fills the gap by illustrating many new policy insights economic geography models can offer to the realm of theoretical policy analysis. Focusing primarily on trade policy, tax policy, and regional policy, Richard Baldwin and coauthors show how these models can be used to make sense of real-world situations. The book not only provides much fresh analysis but also synthesizes insights from the existing literature. The authors begin by presenting and analyzing the widest range of new economic geography models to date. From there they proceed to examine previously unaddressed welfare and policy issues including, in separate sections, trade policy (unilateral, reciprocal, and preferential), tax policy (agglomeration with taxes and public goods, tax competition and agglomeration), and regional policy (infrastructure policies and the political economy of regional subsidies). A well-organized, engaging narrative that progresses smoothly from fundamentals to more complex material, Economic Geography and Public Policy is essential reading for graduate students, researchers, and policymakers seeking new approaches to spatial policy issues.