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| Author | : Karen Stamieszkin |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 246 |
| Release | : 2016 |
| Genre | : Carbon cycle (Biogeochemistry) |
| ISBN | : |
| Author | : Kevin Matthew Archibald |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 135 |
| Release | : 2021 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : |
In this thesis, I explore two topics in plankton ecology with a combination of models and observations. First, I investigate the contribution of zooplankton diel vertical migration (DVM) to the vertical flux of carbon as part of the biological pump. I do this by constructing and analyzing a global model that includes DVM and is driven by satellite-based estimates of primary productivity. There has long been speculation about the significance of DVM to the biological pump, but quantitative estimates of its impact are rare. I estimate that DVM constitutes approximately 16% of the global carbon export flux associated with the biological pump and that the relative contribution of DVM is higher in subtropical latitudes. In later chapters, I build two nutrient-phytoplankton-zooplankton (NPZ) models with different levels of complexity to evaluate the role of nutrient supply and grazing in promoting phytoplankton diversity. Zooplankton switching plays a significant role in promoting diversity because it allows competing phytoplankton types to coexist in situations that would otherwise lead to competitive exclusion. When implemented in a size-structured NPZ model, stronger switching increases the evenness of the distribution of biomass between coexisting size classes, which is used as a proxy for taxonomic diversity. I also describe a particular characteristic of the Kill-the-Winner functional response (used in the NPZ models), which I have termed synergistic grazing. Synergistic grazing occurs when the grazing rate on one phytoplankton type increases as the biomass of an alternative phytoplankton type increases. This characteristic can result in unintuitive model dynamics. Finally, I describe patterns in phytoplankton community size structure in the shelfbreak region of the Northeast U.S. Shelf using high-resolution flow-cytometry measurements. I find that enhancement of phytoplankton biovolume at the shelfbreak front is common during the springtime, but these enhancement events are not associated with consistent changes in community size structure. I evaluate these results in the context of hypotheses generated based on my analysis of the NPZ models.
| Author | : Helga Annelies van der Jagt |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : |
| Release | : 2020 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : |
Marine snow; flux feeding; carbon export. - The global ocean is an important carbon sink, and currently stores one-third of the total anthropogenically released CO2. One of the major processes affecting the oceans functioning as carbon sink is the 'biological carbon pump'. The biological carbon pump is strongly affected by ballast minerals and zooplankton activity. In this thesis the quantitative importance of ballast minerals and zooplankton aggregate feeding on the biological carbon pump were studied. Ballast minerals added to a natural plankton community from the North African Upwelling region enhanced aggregate formation and sinking velocities, leading to a potential ten-fold increase in carbon export. The presence of ballast minerals could explain up to 91% of the observed variability in POC export in this upwelling region. Therefore, ballast minerals seemed to control the magnitude of the POC flux in the North African Upwelling region. Zooplankton can feed on sinking aggregates, but relatively little is known regarding the mechanisms and their quantitative importance for POC export. Two copepod genera Calanus and Pseudocalanus were observed to detect and feed on in situ collected aggregates in three subarctic fjords. We calculated that 60-67% of the observed flux attenuation could be explained by Calanus and Pseudocalanus aggregate feeding. This showed that zooplankton aggregate feeding can have a major impact on POC export fluxes in subarctic fjords. Ballast minerals and zooplankton are of varying importance for POC fluxes between geographical regions, seasons and years. Especially zooplankton-mediated degradation can cause intense but variable POC flux attenuation on temporal and geographical scales, and may even function as a buffer for POC fluxes at greater depth. In contrast, at some locations high deposition of ballast minerals may significantly enhance POC export. The understanding of these two contrasting processes is fundamental for improving our understanding of CO2 sequestration in both today's and future oceans.
| Author | : J. Emmett Duffy |
| Publisher | : Princeton University Press |
| Total Pages | : 464 |
| Release | : 2021-08-10 |
| Genre | : Science |
| ISBN | : 0691161550 |
A comprehensive introduction to ocean ecology and a new way of thinking about ocean life Marine ecology is more interdisciplinary, broader in scope, and more intimately linked to human activities than ever before. Ocean Ecology provides advanced undergraduates, graduate students, and practitioners with an integrated approach to marine ecology that reflects these new scientific realities, and prepares students for the challenges of studying and managing the ocean as a complex adaptive system. This authoritative and accessible textbook advances a framework based on interactions among four major features of marine ecosystems—geomorphology, the abiotic environment, biodiversity, and biogeochemistry—and shows how life is a driver of environmental conditions and dynamics. Ocean Ecology explains the ecological processes that link organismal to ecosystem scales and that shape the major types of ocean ecosystems, historically and in today's Anthropocene world. Provides an integrated new approach to understanding and managing the ocean Shows how biological diversity is the heart of functioning ecosystems Spans genes to earth systems, surface to seafloor, and estuary to ocean gyre Links species composition, trait distribution, and other ecological structures to the functioning of ecosystems Explains how fishing, fossil fuel combustion, industrial fertilizer use, and other human impacts are transforming the Anthropocene ocean An essential textbook for students and an invaluable resource for practitioners
| Author | : Alan G. Hildrew |
| Publisher | : Cambridge University Press |
| Total Pages | : 335 |
| Release | : 2007-07-12 |
| Genre | : Nature |
| ISBN | : 1139464175 |
Ecologists have long struggled to predict features of ecological systems, such as the numbers and diversity of organisms. The wide range of body sizes in ecological communities, from tiny microbes to large animals and plants, is emerging as the key to prediction. Based on the relationship between body size and features such as biological rates, the physics of water and the amount of habitat available, we may be able to understand patterns of abundance and diversity, biogeography, interactions in food webs and the impact of fishing, adding up to a potential 'periodic table' for ecology. Remarkable progress on the unravelling, describing and modelling of aquatic food webs, revealing the fundamental role of body size, makes a book emphasising marine and freshwater ecosystems particularly apt. In this 2007 book, the importance of body size is examined at a range of scales that will be of interest to professional ecologists, from students to senior researchers.
| Author | : Thomas Kiørboe |
| Publisher | : Princeton University Press |
| Total Pages | : 228 |
| Release | : 2018-06-26 |
| Genre | : Nature |
| ISBN | : 0691190313 |
The three main missions of any organism--growing, reproducing, and surviving--depend on encounters with food and mates, and on avoiding encounters with predators. Through natural selection, the behavior and ecology of plankton organisms have evolved to optimize these tasks. This book offers a mechanistic approach to the study of ocean ecology by exploring biological interactions in plankton at the individual level. The book focuses on encounter mechanisms, since the pace of life in the ocean intimately relates to the rate at which encounters happen. Thomas Kiørboe examines the life and interactions of plankton organisms with the larger aim of understanding marine pelagic food webs. He looks at plankton ecology and behavior in the context of the organisms' immediate physical and chemical habitats. He shows that the nutrient uptake, feeding rates, motility patterns, signal transmissions, and perception of plankton are all constrained by nonintuitive interactions between organism biology and small-scale physical and chemical characteristics of the three-dimensional fluid environment. Most of the book's chapters consist of a theoretical introduction followed by examples of how the theory might be applied to real-world problems. In the final chapters, mechanistic insights of individual-level processes help to describe broader population dynamics and pelagic food web structure and function.
| Author | : Alan R. Longhurst |
| Publisher | : Elsevier |
| Total Pages | : 575 |
| Release | : 2010-08-03 |
| Genre | : Science |
| ISBN | : 0080465579 |
This book presents an in-depth discussion of the biological and ecological geography of the oceans. It synthesizes locally restricted studies of the ocean to generate a global geography of the vast marine world.Based on patterns of algal ecology, the book divides the ocean into four primary compartments, which are then subdivided into secondary compartments. *Includes color insert of the latest in satellite imagery showing the world's oceans, their similarities and differences*Revised and updated to reflect the latest in oceanographic research*Ideal for anyone interested in understanding ocean ecology -- accessible and informative
| Author | : Roger Harris |
| Publisher | : Elsevier |
| Total Pages | : 707 |
| Release | : 2000-02-14 |
| Genre | : Science |
| ISBN | : 0080495338 |
The term "zooplankton" describes the community of floating, often microscopic, animals that inhabit aquatic environments. Being near the base of the food chain, they serve as food for larger animals, such as fish. The ICES (International Council for the Exploration of the Sea) Zooplankton Methodology Manual provides comprehensive coverage of modern techniques in zooplankton ecology written by a group of international experts. Chapters include sampling, acoustic and optical methods, estimation of feeding, growth, reproduction and metabolism, and up-to-date treatment of population genetics and modeling. This book will be a key reference work for marine scientists throughout the world. Sampling and experimental design Collecting zooplankton Techniques for assessing biomass and abundance Protozooplankton enumeration and biomass estimation New optical and acoustic techniques for estimating zooplankton biomass and abundance Methods for measuring zooplankton feeding, growth, reproduction and metabolism Population genetic analysis of zooplankton Modelling zooplankton dynamics This unique and comprehensive reference work will be essential reading for marine and freshwater research scientists and graduates entering the field.
| Author | : Maria Alexandra Teodosio |
| Publisher | : CRC Press |
| Total Pages | : 460 |
| Release | : 2020-11-19 |
| Genre | : Nature |
| ISBN | : 135102180X |
This book aims at providing students and researchers an advanced integrative overview on zooplankton ecology, covering marine and freshwater organisms, from microscopic phagotrophic protists, to macro-jellyfishes and active fish larvae. The first book section addresses zooplanktonic organisms and processes, the second section is devoted to zooplankton spatial and temporal distribution patterns and trophic dynamics, and the final section is dedicated to emergent methodological approaches (e.g., omics). Book chapters include comprehensive synthesis, observational and manipulative studies, and sediment-based analysis, a vibrant imprint of benthic-pelagic coupling and ecosystem connectivity. Most chapters also address the impacts of anticipated environmental changes (e.g., warming, acidification).
| Author | : Zvy Dubinsky |
| Publisher | : Springer Science & Business Media |
| Total Pages | : 541 |
| Release | : 2010-12-02 |
| Genre | : Science |
| ISBN | : 9400701144 |
This book covers in one volume materials scattered in hundreds of research articles, in most cases focusing on specialized aspects of coral biology. In addition to the latest developments in coral evolution and physiology, it presents chapters devoted to novel frontiers in coral reef research. These include the molecular biology of corals and their symbiotic algae, remote sensing of reef systems, ecology of coral disease spread, effects of various scenarios of global climate change, ocean acidification effects of increasing CO2 levels on coral calcification, and damaged coral reef remediation. Beyond extensive coverage of the above aspects, key issues regarding the coral organism and the reef ecosystem such as calcification, reproduction, modeling, algae, reef invertebrates, competition and fish are re-evaluated in the light of new research and emerging insights. In all chapters novel theories as well as challenges to established paradigms are introduced, evaluated and discussed. This volume is indispensible for all those involved in coral reef management and conservation.
