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| Author | : Shahaboddin Mousavi Azad Kasmaei |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 198 |
| Release | : 2008 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : |
| Author | : Injam Siva Parvathi |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 72 |
| Release | : 2020-03-17 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : 9783346179661 |
| Author | : Zeynep Tuna |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 268 |
| Release | : 2012 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : |
Reinforced concrete structural (shear) walls are commonly used as lateral load resisting systems in high seismic zones because they provide significant lateral strength, stiffness, and deformation capacity. Understanding the response and behavior of shear walls is essential to achieve more economical and reliable designs, especially as performance-based design approaches for new buildings have become more common. Results of a case study of 42-story RC dual system building, designed using code-prescriptive and two different performance-based design approaches, are presented to assess expected performance. Median values and dispersion of the response quantities are, in general, well-below acceptable limits and the overall behavior of the three building designs are expected to be quite similar. However, the ability to define shear failure and collapse proved difficult and provided motivation to conduct additional studies. For both design of new buildings and evaluation/rehabilitation of existing structural wall buildings, an accurate assessment of median (expected) and dispersion of wall shear strength and deformation capacity are needed. A wall test database (124 specimens) was assembled to investigate the influence of various parameters on wall shear strength and deformation capacity, and to recommend alternative relations for strength and deformation capacity depending on expected wall behavior. Test results indicated that ACI 318-11 underestimates the shear strength of the shear-controlled walls. Mean curvature ductility ratios were obtained as about 3 and 7 for shear- and flexure-controlled walls, respectively. The new relations will allow improved damage and failure assessment of buildings utilizing structural walls for lateral load resistance. Failure assessment of RC shear walls also was conducted for the 15-story Alto Rio building which collapsed in the 2010 Chile earthquake. Possible reasons for collapse were identified using post-earthquake observed damage, structural drawings, and nonlinear static and dynamic response analyses. Analysis results indicate that collapse was likely influenced by various factors, including compression failure at the web boundary of T-shaped walls on the east side of the building, large shear demands at the filled-in corridor walls at the first level, and tensile fracture and splice failures at the west side of the building. Nonlinear modeling and analysis of the four-story RC building that was tested on E-Defense shaking table (2010) was investigated to assess current modeling approaches and assumptions, and to identify issues that require additional study. Including concrete tension strength, stiffness degradation, and strength degradation significantly improved the correlation between the analytical and test results.
| Author | : Mark Aschheim |
| Publisher | : CRC Press |
| Total Pages | : 576 |
| Release | : 2019-04-05 |
| Genre | : Technology & Engineering |
| ISBN | : 148226692X |
The costs of inadequate earthquake engineering are huge, especially for reinforced concrete buildings. This book presents the principles of earthquake-resistant structural engineering, and uses the latest tools and techniques to give practical design guidance to address single or multiple seismic performance levels. It presents an elegant, simple and theoretically coherent design framework. Required strength is determined on the basis of an estimated yield displacement and desired limits of system ductility and drift demands. A simple deterministic approach is presented along with its elaboration into a probabilistic treatment that allows for design to limit annual probabilities of failure. The design method allows the seismic force resisting system to be designed on the basis of elastic analysis results, while nonlinear analysis is used for performance verification. Detailing requirements of ACI 318 and Eurocode 8 are presented. Students will benefit from the coverage of seismology, structural dynamics, reinforced concrete, and capacity design approaches, which allows the book to be used as a foundation text in earthquake engineering.
| Author | : Jianyu Cheng |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 246 |
| Release | : 2021 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : |
This study is aimed to acquire a better understanding of the seismic behavior of reinforced masonry (RM) structures at a system level, and to develop frame models for simulating the nonlinear flexural and shear behaviors of these wall systems. To capture the nonlinear, in-plane, cyclic behavior of flexure-dominated RM walls, a rational modeling method along with suitable material models, using a fiber-section beam-column element idealization is presented. The modeling method accounts for the buckling and low-cycle fatigue of vertical reinforcing bars as well as plastic strain localization, which may develop in RM walls under severe seismic actions. The model has been validated by experimental data on fully grouted planar walls and T-walls. In addition, a rational and simple method to construct lateral force-vs.-lateral displacement backbone curves is also presented. The proposed method produces backbone curves that show a good agreement with experimental data from the quasi-static, cyclic, loading tests of walls with rectangular and T sections. There had been a lack of experimental data showing the ultimate displacement capacity of shear-dominated RM wall systems. To fill this data gap, a shake-table test program was carried out to investigate the displacement capacity of shear-dominated RM wall systems, and the influence of wall flanges and planar walls perpendicular to the direction of shaking (out-of-plane walls) on the seismic performance of a wall system. Two full-scale, single-story, fully grouted, RM wall specimens were tested to the verge of collapse. Each specimen had two T-walls as the seismic force resisting elements and a stiff roof diaphragm. The second specimen had six additional planar walls perpendicular to the direction of shaking. The two specimens reached maximum roof drift ratios of 17% and 13%, respectively, without collapsing. The high displacement capacities can be largely attributed to the presence of wall flanges and, for the second specimen, also the out-of-plane walls, which provided an alternative load path to carry the gravity load when the webs of the T-walls had been severely damaged. A computationally efficient beam-column model is proposed to simulate the nonlinear flexural and shear behaviors of reinforced masonry shear walls for time-history analysis. A three-field mixed formulation based on the Hu-Washizu variational principle is adopted. This mixed element is free of shear locking, and allows a wall to be modeled with one element. To capture the nonlinear behavior of a reinforced masonry wall, the axial and flexural responses are evaluated at each integration point along the element with a fiber-section model, while the shear response in each loading direction is represented by a macro material model. The model accounts for the influence of the axial load, wall aspect ratio, and the flange on the shear response of a wall. To consider axial-flexure-shear interaction, the shear model accounts for the axial stress resultant from the fiber-section model, and the compressive strength of masonry in the fiber-section model decreases when severe shear damage developed. The model has been calibrated and validated with extensive test data. It has been demonstrated that the model is able to reproduce the experimental results from quasi-static cyclic loading tests of single walls as well as shake-table tests of wall systems with good accuracy.
| Author | : |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 424 |
| Release | : 2009 |
| Genre | : Building laws |
| ISBN | : |
This report describes a recommended methodology for reliably quantifying building system performance and response parameters for use in seismic design. The recommended methodology (referred to herein as the Methodology) provides a rational basis for establishing global seismic performance factors (SPFs), including the response modification coefficient (R factor), the system overstrength factor, and deflection amplification factor (Cd), of new seismic-force-resisting systems proposed for inclusion in model building codes. The purpose of this Methodology is to provide a rational basis for determining building seismic performance factors that, when properly implemented in the seismic design process, will result in equivalent safety against collapse in an earthquake, comparable to the inherent safety against collapse intended by current seismic codes, for buildings with different seismic-force-resisting systems.
| Author | : Liviu Crainic |
| Publisher | : CRC Press |
| Total Pages | : 266 |
| Release | : 2012-12-10 |
| Genre | : Technology & Engineering |
| ISBN | : 0415631866 |
This book examines and presents essential aspects of the behavior, analysis, design and detailing of reinforced concrete buildings subjected to strong seismic activity. Seismic design is an extremely complex problem that has seen spectacular development in the last decades. The present volume tries to show how the principles and methods of earthquake engineering can be applied to seismic analysis and design of reinforced concrete buildings. The book starts with an up-to-date presentation of fundamental aspects of reinforced concrete behavior quantified through constitutive laws for monotonic and hysteretic loading. Basic concepts of post-elastic analysis like plastic hinge, plastic length, fiber models, and stable and unstable hysteretic behaviour are, accordingly, defined and commented upon. For a deeper understanding of seismic design philosophy and of static and dynamic post-elastic analysis, seismic behavior of different types of reinforced concrete structures (frames, walls) is examined in detail. Next, up-to-date methods for analysis and design are presented. The powerful concept of structural system is defined and systematically used to explain the response to seismic activity, as well as the procedures for analysis and detailing of common building structures. Several case studies are presented. The book is not code-oriented. The structural design codes are subject to constant reevaluation and updating. Rather than presenting code provisions, this book offers a coherent system of notions, concepts and methods, which facilitate understanding and application of any design code. The content of this book is based mainly on the authors’ personal experience which is a combination of their teaching and research activity as well as their work in the private sector as structural designers. The work will serve to help students and researchers, as well as structural designers to better understand the fundamental aspects of behavior and analysis of reinforced concrete structures and accordingly to gain knowledge that will ensure a sound design of buildings.
| Author | : Ahmet Can Tanyeri |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 217 |
| Release | : 2014 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : |
Past earthquakes have shown examples of unsatisfactory performance of buildings using reinforced concrete structural walls as the primary lateral-force-resisting system. In the 1994 Northridge earthquake, examples can be found where walls possessed too much overstrength, leading to unintended failure of collectors and floor systems, including precast and post-tensioned construction. In the 2010 Maule Chile earthquake, many structural wall buildings sustained severe damage. Although Chilean design standards result in different reinforcement detailing than is common in U.S. walls, the failure patterns raise concerns about how well conventionally reinforced structural walls in U.S. buildings will perform during the next earthquake. Alternative wall design philosophies that offer more predictable response, with better damage control, should be investigated. After the Mw 8.8 Chile earthquake, the 15-story Alto Rio building in Concepción sustained failures near the base, overturned, and came to rest on its side. The collapse of the Alto Rio building was significant because it was designed using the Chilean Building Code NCh433. Of96, which requires the use of ACI 318-95 for design of reinforced concrete structural elements intended to resist design seismic forces. The failure of the Alto Rio building is significant for many reasons. It is the first modern shear wall building of its type to collapse by overturning during an earthquake. The building is studied using forensic data and structural models of the framing system subjected to earthquake shaking. The study identifies the likely failure mechanism and suggests areas for which design and detailing practices could be improved. The capabilities and shortcomings of the analyses to identify details of the failure mechanism are themselves important outcomes of the study. A second study explores the behavior of structural wall buildings using unbonded post-tensioned structural walls. Such walls offer the opportunity to better control yielding mechanisms and promote self-centering behavior. The study focuses on the measured responses of a full-scale, four-story building model tested on the E-Defense shaking table in Japan. The seismic force-resisting system of the test building comprised two post-tensioned (PT) precast frames in one direction and two unbonded PT precast walls in the other direction. The building was designed using the latest code requirements and design recommendations available both in Japan and the U.S., including the ACI ITG-5.2-09. The test building was subjected to several earthquake ground motions, ranging from serviceability level to near collapse. Analytical studies were carried out to test the capability of the structural models to replicate behaviors important to structural engineers, and to assess whether available analysis tools are sufficient to model dynamic behavior that results when a full-scale building is subjected to realistic earthquake ground shaking. Measured response data from such an outstanding test provides an opportunity to fully understand the response characteristics of PT walls and assess the ability of nonlinear analytical models to reproduce important global and local responses, including three-dimensional system interactions, both prior to and after loss of significant lateral strength. Moreover, this study to assess behavior and system interaction of PT walls leads to improvements of the current design ideas and performance expectations. The present study examines both the collapse of the Alto Rio building in Chile and the shaking table tests of the unbonded post-tensioned wall building in Japan. The collapse study suggests areas of improvement in current design and detailing practice. The shaking table study suggests an alternative approach to design of shear walls in buildings. Both studies demonstrate the use of modern structural analysis tools to interpret building responses to earthquake shaking. Taken together, the studies provide added confidence in earthquake simulation capabilities and demonstrate alternatives for designing earthquake-resistant buildings that use structural walls.
| Author | : James Robert Harris |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 610 |
| Release | : 1979 |
| Genre | : Buildings |
| ISBN | : |
| Author | : Federal Emergency Agency |
| Publisher | : FEMA |
| Total Pages | : 274 |
| Release | : 2013-04-02 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : |
Following the two damaging California earthquakes in 1989 (Loma Prieta) and 1994 (Northridge), many concrete wall and masonry wall buildings were repaired using federal disaster assistance funding. The repairs were based on inconsistent criteria, giving rise to controversy regarding criteria for the repair of cracked concrete and masonry wall buildings. To help resolve this controversy, the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) initiated a project on evaluation and repair of earthquake damaged concrete and masonry wall buildings in 1996. The ATC-43 project addresses the investigation and evaluation of earthquake damage and discusses policy issues related to the repair and upgrade of earthquake damaged buildings. The project deals with buildings whose primary lateral-force-resisting systems consist of concrete or masonry bearing walls with flexible or rigid diaphragms, or whose vertical-load-bearing systems consist of concrete or steel frames with concrete or masonry infill panels. The intended audience is design engineers, building owners, building regulatory officials, and government agencies. The project results are reported in three documents. The FEMA 306 report, Evaluation of Earthquake Damaged Concrete and Masonry Wall Buildings, Basic Procedures Manual, provides guidance on evaluating damage and analyzing future performance. Included in the document are component damage classification guides, and test and inspection guides. FEMA 307, Evaluation of Earthquake Damaged Concrete and Masonry Wall Buildings, Technical Resources, contains supplemental information including results from a theoretical analysis of the effects of prior damage on single-degree-of-freedom mathematical models, additional background information on the component guides, and an example of the application of the basic procedures. FEMA 308, The Repair of Earthquake Damaged Concrete and Masonry Wall Buildings, discusses the policy issues pertaining to the repair of earthquake damaged buildings and illustrates how the procedures developed for the project can be used to provide a technically sound basis for policy decisions. It also provides guidance for the repair of damaged components.
