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Liquidity Adjusted Value-at-Risk Based on the Components of the Bid-Ask Spread

Liquidity Adjusted Value-at-Risk Based on the Components of the Bid-Ask Spread
Author: Timotheos Angelidis
Publisher:
Total Pages: 20
Release: 2005
Genre:
ISBN:

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This paper proposes a method of calculating a Liquidity Adjusted Value-at-Risk (L-VaR) measure. The traditional approaches that have been implemented assume that the financial markets are perfect and hence an investor can either buy or sell any amount of stock without causing significant price changes. However, this conjecture is not a realist one as most of the markets, especially the emerging ones, are illiquid. In the attempt to create a L-VaR measure that accounts for the spread variation, we estimate the components of the bid-ask spread in order to calculate accurately both the endogenous and the exogenous liquidity risk. Under the new framework, the liquidation price of a position will not be the midpoint of the spread, but at least the bid price and therefore the calculated Value-at-Risk number will be more realistic. We extend the Madhavan et al. (1997) model by incorporating the traded volume and find out that both the adverse selection component and the L-VaR measure exhibit a U-shape pattern throughout the day, while the percent of risk that is attributed to liquidity displays an inverse U-shape pattern. Finally, at higher confidence level, the liquidity component of the high-priced, high-capitalization stocks represents 3.40% of the total market risk, while for the low capitalization securities it equals to 11% and therefore cannot be neglected.


Elements of Financial Risk Management

Elements of Financial Risk Management
Author: Peter Christoffersen
Publisher: Academic Press
Total Pages: 346
Release: 2011-11-22
Genre: Business & Economics
ISBN: 0123744482

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The Second Edition of this best-selling book expands its advanced approach to financial risk models by covering market, credit, and integrated risk. With new data that cover the recent financial crisis, it combines Excel-based empirical exercises at the end of each chapter with online exercises so readers can use their own data. Its unified GARCH modeling approach, empirically sophisticated and relevant yet easy to implement, sets this book apart from others. Five new chapters and updated end-of-chapter questions and exercises, as well as Excel-solutions manual, support its step-by-step approach to choosing tools and solving problems. Examines market risk, credit risk, and operational risk Provides exceptional coverage of GARCH models Features online Excel-based empirical exercises


Measuring Systemic Risk-Adjusted Liquidity (SRL)

Measuring Systemic Risk-Adjusted Liquidity (SRL)
Author: Andreas Jobst
Publisher: International Monetary Fund
Total Pages: 70
Release: 2012-08-01
Genre: Business & Economics
ISBN: 1475505590

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Little progress has been made so far in addressing—in a comprehensive way—the externalities caused by impact of the interconnectedness within institutions and markets on funding and market liquidity risk within financial systems. The Systemic Risk-adjusted Liquidity (SRL) model combines option pricing with market information and balance sheet data to generate a probabilistic measure of the frequency and severity of multiple entities experiencing a joint liquidity event. It links a firm’s maturity mismatch between assets and liabilities impacting the stability of its funding with those characteristics of other firms, subject to individual changes in risk profiles and common changes in market conditions. This approach can then be used (i) to quantify an individual institution’s time-varying contribution to system-wide liquidity shortfalls and (ii) to price liquidity risk within a macroprudential framework that, if used to motivate a capital charge or insurance premia, provides incentives for liquidity managers to internalize the systemic risk of their decisions. The model can also accommodate a stress testing approach for institution-specific and/or general funding shocks that generate estimates of systemic liquidity risk (and associated charges) under adverse scenarios.


Risk Management

Risk Management
Author: M. A. H. Dempster
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Total Pages: 290
Release: 2002-01-10
Genre: Mathematics
ISBN: 1139437496

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The use of derivative products in risk management has spread from commodities, stocks and fixed income items, to such virtual commodities as energy, weather and bandwidth. All this can give rise to so-called volatility and there has been a consequent development in formal risk management techniques to cover all types of risk: market, credit, liquidity, etc. One of these techniques, Value at Risk, was developed specifically to help manage market risk over short periods. Its success led, somewhat controversially, to its take up and extension to credit risk over longer time-scales. This extension, ultimately not successful, led to the collapse of a number of institutions. The present book, which was originally published in 2002, by some of the leading figures in risk management, examines the complex issues that concern the stability of the global financial system by presenting a mix of theory and practice.


Liquidity and Asset Prices

Liquidity and Asset Prices
Author: Yakov Amihud
Publisher: Now Publishers Inc
Total Pages: 109
Release: 2006
Genre: Business & Economics
ISBN: 1933019123

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Liquidity and Asset Prices reviews the literature that studies the relationship between liquidity and asset prices. The authors review the theoretical literature that predicts how liquidity affects a security's required return and discuss the empirical connection between the two. Liquidity and Asset Prices surveys the theory of liquidity-based asset pricing followed by the empirical evidence. The theory section proceeds from basic models with exogenous holding periods to those that incorporate additional elements of risk and endogenous holding periods. The empirical section reviews the evidence on the liquidity premium for stocks, bonds, and other financial assets.


Liquidity Risk Management in Banks

Liquidity Risk Management in Banks
Author: Roberto Ruozi
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Total Pages: 59
Release: 2012-09-20
Genre: Business & Economics
ISBN: 3642295819

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The recent turmoil on financial markets has made evident the importance of efficient liquidity risk management for the stability of banks. The measurement and management of liquidity risk must take into account economic factors such as the impact area, the timeframe of the analysis, the origin and the economic scenario in which the risk becomes manifest. Basel III, among other things, has introduced harmonized international minimum requirements and has developed global liquidity standards and supervisory monitoring procedures. The short book analyses the economic impact of the new regulation on profitability, on assets composition and business mix, on liabilities structure and replacement effects on banking and financial products.​


Value at Risk, 3rd Ed.

Value at Risk, 3rd Ed.
Author: Philippe Jorion
Publisher: McGraw Hill Professional
Total Pages: 624
Release: 2006-11-09
Genre: Business & Economics
ISBN: 0071736921

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Since its original publication, Value at Risk has become the industry standard in risk management. Now in its Third Edition, this international bestseller addresses the fundamental changes in the field that have occurred across the globe in recent years. Philippe Jorion provides the most current information needed to understand and implement VAR-as well as manage newer dimensions of financial risk. Featured updates include: An increased emphasis on operational risk Using VAR for integrated risk management and to measure economic capital Applications of VAR to risk budgeting in investment management Discussion of new risk-management techniques, including extreme value theory, principal components, and copulas Extensive coverage of the recently finalized Basel II capital adequacy rules for commercial banks, integrated throughout the book A major new feature of the Third Edition is the addition of short questions and exercises at the end of each chapter, making it even easier to check progress. Detailed answers are posted on the companion web site www.pjorion.com/var/. The web site contains other materials, including additional questions that course instructors can assign to their students. Jorion leaves no stone unturned, addressing the building blocks of VAR from computing and backtesting models to forecasting risk and correlations. He outlines the use of VAR to measure and control risk for trading, for investment management, and for enterprise-wide risk management. He also points out key pitfalls to watch out for in risk-management systems. The value-at-risk approach continues to improve worldwide standards for managing numerous types of risk. Now more than ever, professionals can depend on Value at Risk for comprehensive, authoritative counsel on VAR, its application, and its results-and to keep ahead of the curve.


Credit Risk Frontiers

Credit Risk Frontiers
Author: Tomasz Bielecki
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
Total Pages: 770
Release: 2011-02-14
Genre: Business & Economics
ISBN: 1118003837

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A timely guide to understanding and implementing credit derivatives Credit derivatives are here to stay and will continue to play a role in finance in the future. But what will that role be? What issues and challenges should be addressed? And what lessons can be learned from the credit mess? Credit Risk Frontiers offers answers to these and other questions by presenting the latest research in this field and addressing important issues exposed by the financial crisis. It covers this subject from a real world perspective, tackling issues such as liquidity, poor data, and credit spreads, as well as the latest innovations in portfolio products and hedging and risk management techniques. Provides a coherent presentation of recent advances in the theory and practice of credit derivatives Takes into account the new products and risk requirements of a post financial crisis world Contains information regarding various aspects of the credit derivative market as well as cutting edge research regarding those aspects If you want to gain a better understanding of how credit derivatives can help your trading or investing endeavors, then Credit Risk Frontiers is a book you need to read.


Bid-Ask Spread Formula and Liquidity Cost

Bid-Ask Spread Formula and Liquidity Cost
Author: Sergei Esipov
Publisher:
Total Pages: 19
Release: 2010
Genre:
ISBN:

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One of the fundamental properties of most markets is the existence of more than one asset price or distribution of prices for a given asset. In many markets this distribution is clearly bi-modal, and can be related to the so-called quot;bidquot; and quot;askquot; positions. The underlying detailed quot;microscopicquot; kinetics of bids, offers, and their matches can be complex and includes information flow along with capital and inventory balances. The reduction of a micro-model to the observed bid-ask spread determines the parameters of interest. We study a dynamic modification of the Garman model without inventory shortages, and obtain a relationship between the bid-ask spread, Value-at-Risk of the market maker, required returns, and the rate of arrivals of orders (measure of liquidity). Our formula for the bid-ask spread can be parametrized by historical data and used as a key ingredient in the information systems and/or automatic trading systems. The formula is derived in the risk-premium pricing framework suggested earlier by one of us and Guo. The bid-ask spread and liquidity costs are computed theoretically and compared with estimates for the most traded equity stocks. The remainder of the paper explores the benefits of dynamic bid-ask trading strategies.


Financial Integration

Financial Integration
Author: Marga Peeters
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Total Pages: 230
Release: 2013-09-21
Genre: Business & Economics
ISBN: 3642356974

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The Arab upheaval and the world's biggest financial crisis after the Great Depression were almost simultaneous in their occurrence. The Mediterranean economies now face a dual challenge of a political and financial restructuring in the light of a shaky economic pedestal on which they stand. In light of this socio-political and economic shift in both inland and in world markets, this book offers a thorough analysis on problems, prospects and the way ahead for the financial integration of the South-Mediterranean region. Several perspectives on financial integration and policy recommendations are put forward from a leading group of researchers specializing on the Mediterranean region.