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| Author | : Gregory Acs |
| Publisher | : W.E. Upjohn Institute |
| Total Pages | : 150 |
| Release | : 2004 |
| Genre | : Political Science |
| ISBN | : 0880993111 |
Compares welfare leaver outcomes across geographic areas and the nation as a whole. Proposes ways to enhance income support programme that would help welfare leavers economically and encourage them to stay in the workforce.
| Author | : Jennifer Mittelstadt |
| Publisher | : Univ of North Carolina Press |
| Total Pages | : 288 |
| Release | : 2006-03-08 |
| Genre | : Political Science |
| ISBN | : 0807876437 |
In 1996, Democratic president Bill Clinton and the Republican-controlled Congress "ended welfare as we know it" and trumpeted "workfare" as a dramatic break from the past. But, in fact, workfare was not new. Jennifer Mittelstadt locates the roots of the 1996 welfare reform many decades in the past, arguing that women, work, and welfare were intertwined concerns of the liberal welfare state beginning just after World War II. Mittelstadt examines the dramatic reform of Aid to Dependent Children (ADC) from the 1940s through the 1960s, demonstrating that in this often misunderstood period, national policy makers did not overlook issues of poverty, race, and women's role in society. Liberals' public debates and disagreements over welfare, however, caused unintended consequences, she argues, including a shift toward conservatism. Rather than leaving ADC as an income support program for needy mothers, reformers recast it as a social services program aimed at "rehabilitating" women from "dependence" on welfare to "independence," largely by encouraging them to work. Mittelstadt reconstructs the ideology, implementation, and consequences of rehabilitation, probing beneath its surface to reveal gendered and racialized assumptions about the welfare poor and broader societal concerns about poverty, race, family structure, and women's employment.
| Author | : Laura Lein |
| Publisher | : University of Texas Press |
| Total Pages | : 192 |
| Release | : 2009-01-27 |
| Genre | : Political Science |
| ISBN | : 0292778066 |
A Choice Outstanding Academic Book In the decade since President Clinton signed the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 into law—amidst promises that it would "end welfare as we know it"—did the reforms ending entitlements and moving toward time limits and work requirements lift Texas families once living on welfare out of poverty, or merely strike their names from the administrative rolls? Under welfare reform, Texas continued with low monthly payments and demanding eligibility criteria. Many families who could receive welfare in other states do not qualify in Texas, and virtually any part-time job makes a family ineligible. In Texas, most families who leave welfare remain in or near poverty, and many are likely to return to the welfare rolls in the future. This compelling work, which follows 179 families after leaving welfare, is set against a backdrop of multiple types of data and econometric modeling. The authors' multi-method approach draws on administrative data from nine programs serving low-income families and a statewide survey of families who have left welfare. Survey data on health problems, transportation needs, and child-care issues shed light on the patterns of employment and welfare use seen in the administrative data. In their lives after welfare, the families chronicled here experience poverty even when employed; a multiplicity of barriers to employment that work to exacerbate one another; and a failing safety net of basic human services as they attempt to sustain low-wage employment.
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| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 0 |
| Release | : 2001 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : |
Cash welfare caseloads have declined 57% since peaking in 1994 at 5.1 million cases, with the largest declines occurring since the passage of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 (PRWORA). PRWORA ended the entitlement program of Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC), and replaced it with a block grant program to the states, the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) program. Unlike AFDC, under TANF most adults are required to work as a condition of receiving benefits, and assistance from federal funds is time-limited. States have initiated and completed studies of former welfare recipients to understand how those who exit welfare are faring. These leaver studies use a combination of administrative data and survey data, and the results differ by the type of data used. The methods used by these studies also vary, as do their outcomes. Employment and other income-related closures are the most common reasons a recipient leaves cash assistance. To date, no information is available on those who reach the federal 5-year lifetime limit as the first recipients will begin reaching this time limit later in 2001. Some recipients have reached shorter state-imposed time limits, but these recipients do not appear to face increased difficulties or hardship. Among the studies reviewed in this report, employment rates range considerably, but the majority report employment rates between 55% and 64% within 3 months of exit or at the time of the survey. A larger percentage, between 63% and 91% of leavers, have been employed (ever employed) for some period of time since exit. The average hourly wage reported among welfare leavers ranged from $5.50 to $8.80 per hour. The leaver studies indicate that while the majority of welfare leavers are employed, most remain poor and rely on other types of assistance such as health insurance, food stamps, and child care to supplement their wages. However, declining participation in these programs has raised concerns. The leaver studies illustrate that some welfare leavers did not think they were eligible for food stamps or Medicaid, while others indicated that they did not need these services or that it was t o o much hassle to receive them. Receipt of child care subsidies is somewhat low, although some indicate a "lack of need" for these subsidies. Less than half of leavers also appear to be experiencing "hardships" such as difficulties paying bills, difficulties acquiring medical care, and experiencing a time with no way to buy food. Employment is the reason the majority of recipients leave welfare, and lack or loss of employment is the most common reason individuals return to welfare. Among leavers who remained off welfare for at least 2 months, between 18% and 35% had returned for a period of time since exit. Although lack of employment is the most common reason individuals return to welfare, there is some evidence that those who leave for income-related reasons are less likely to return than those who leave welfare for failing to comply with program requirements.
| Author | : Isabel V. Sawhill |
| Publisher | : Rowman & Littlefield |
| Total Pages | : 225 |
| Release | : 2004-05-26 |
| Genre | : Political Science |
| ISBN | : 0815798822 |
The Brookings Institution's Welfare Reform & Beyond Initiative was created to inform the critical policy debates surrounding the upcoming congressional reauthorization of the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) program and a number of related programs that were created or dramatically altered by the 1996 landmark welfare reform legislation. The goal of the project has been to take the large volume of existing and forthcoming research studies and shape them into a more coherent and policy-oriented whole. This capstone collection gathers twenty brief essays (published between January 2001 and February 2002) that focus on assessing the record of welfare reform, specific issues likely to be debated before the TANF reauthorization, and a broader set of policy options for low-income families. It is a reader-friendly volume that will provide policymakers, the press, and the interested public with a comprehensive guide to the numerous issues that must be addressed as Congress considers the future of the nation's antipoverty policies. The collection covers the following topics and features a new introduction from the editors: - An Overview of Effects to Date - Welfare Reform Reauthorization: An Overview of Problems and Issues - A Tax Proposal for Working Families with Children - Welfare Reform and Poverty - Reducing Non-Marital Births - Which Welfare Reforms are Best for Children? - Welfare and the Economy - What Can Be Done to Reduce Teen Pregnancy and Out-of-Wedlock Births? - Changing Welfare Offices - State Programs - Welfare Reform and Employment - Fragile Families, Welfare Reform, and Marriage - Health Insurance, Welfare, and Work - Helping the Hard-to-Employ - Sanctions and Welfare Reform - Child Care and Welfare Reform - Job Retention and Advancement in Welfare Reform - Housing and Welfare Reform - Non-Citizens - Block Grant Structure - Food Stamps - Work Support System - Possible Welfare Re
| Author | : Maria Cancian |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 46 |
| Release | : 2002 |
| Genre | : Aid to families with dependent children programs |
| ISBN | : |
| Author | : Michael E. Fix |
| Publisher | : Russell Sage Foundation |
| Total Pages | : 244 |
| Release | : 2009-11-25 |
| Genre | : Social Science |
| ISBN | : 1610446224 |
The lore of the immigrant who comes to the United States to take advantage of our welfare system has a long history in America's collective mythology, but it has little basis in fact. The so-called problem of immigrants on the dole was nonetheless a major concern of the 1996 welfare reform law, the impact of which is still playing out today. While legal immigrants continue to pay taxes and are eligible for the draft, welfare reform has severely limited their access to government supports in times of crisis. Edited by Michael Fix, Immigrants and Welfare rigorously assesses the welfare reform law, questions whether its immigrant provisions were ever really necessary, and examines its impact on legal immigrants' ability to integrate into American society. Immigrants and Welfare draws on fields from demography and law to developmental psychology. The first part of the volume probes the politics behind the welfare reform law, its legal underpinnings, and what it may mean for integration policy. Contributor Ron Haskins makes a case for welfare reform's ultimate success but cautions that excluding noncitizen children (future workers) from benefits today will inevitably have serious repercussions for the American economy down the road. Michael Wishnie describes the implications of the law for equal protection of immigrants under the U.S. Constitution. The second part of the book focuses on empirical research regarding immigrants' propensity to use benefits before the law passed, and immigrants' use and hardship levels afterwards. Jennifer Van Hook and Frank Bean analyze immigrants' benefit use before the law was passed in order to address the contested sociological theories that immigrants are inclined to welfare use and that it slows their assimilation. Randy Capps, Michael Fix, and Everett Henderson track trends before and after welfare reform in legal immigrants' use of the major federal benefit programs affected by the law. Leighton Ku looks specifically at trends in food stamps and Medicaid use among noncitizen children and adults and documents the declining health insurance coverage of noncitizen parents and children. Finally, Ariel Kalil and Danielle Crosby use longitudinal data from Chicago to examine the health of children in immigrant families that left welfare. Even though few states took the federal government's invitation with the 1996 welfare reform law to completely freeze legal immigrants out of the social safety net, many of the law's most far-reaching provisions remain in place and have significant implications for immigrants. Immigrants and Welfare takes a balanced look at the politics and history of immigrant access to safety-net supports and the ongoing impacts of welfare. Copublished with the Migration Policy Institute
| Author | : Rebecca M. Blank |
| Publisher | : Rowman & Littlefield |
| Total Pages | : 530 |
| Release | : 2004-05-13 |
| Genre | : Political Science |
| ISBN | : 0815798377 |
Congress must reauthorize the sweeping 1996 welfare reform legislation by October 1, 2002. A number of issues that were prominent in the 1995-96 battle over welfare reform are likely to resurface in the debate over reauthorization. Among those issues are the five-year time limit, provisions to reduce out-of-wedlock births, the adequacy of child care funding, problems with Medicaid and food stamp receipt by working families, and work requirements. Funding levels are also certain to be controversial. Fiscal conservatives will try to lower grant spending levels, while states will seek to maintain them and gain additional discretion in the use of funds. Finally, a movement to encourage states to promote marriage among low-income families is already taking shape. The need for reauthorization presents an opportunity to assess what welfare reform has accomplished and what remains to be done. The New World of Welfare is an attempt to frame the policy debate for reauthorization, and to inform the policy discussion among the states and at the federal level, especially by drawing lessons from research on the effects of welfare reform. In the book, a diverse set of welfare experts—liberal and conservative, academic and nonacademic—engage in rigorous debate on topics ranging from work experience programs, to job availability, to child well-being, to family formation. In order to provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of research on welfare reform, the contributors cover subjects including work and wages, effects of reform on family income and poverty, the politics of conservative welfare reform, sanctions and time limits, financial work incentives for low-wage earners, the use of medicaid and food stamps, welfare-to-work, child support, child care, and welfare reform and immigration. Preparation of the volume was supported by funds from the Annie E. Casey Foundation and the Charles Stewart Mott Foundation.
| Author | : Mark Zepezauer |
| Publisher | : South End Press |
| Total Pages | : 198 |
| Release | : 2004 |
| Genre | : Business & Economics |
| ISBN | : 9780896087064 |
When the first version of this book came out in 1996, on the heels of "Welfare Reform," it was received with great popular acclaim. As Jim Hightower put it, "At last, the real welfare scandal [is] revealed in one handy little -volume." But the scandal was still in the making. The total amount of taxpayers' money going to subsidize corporations and rich individuals has grown from about $448 billion to over $800 billion--and the amount of that tax money that comes from those flush companies and individuals continues to shrink. In this greatly expanded and updated version of Take the Rich off Welfare, Mark Zepezauer still details who's on the government dole and how much they're getting. This time around, though, he has slowed down his rapid firing of the latest names and numbers in order to reveal how it all works. Using accessible language and revealing graphics, he takes the time to explain how programs once intended to profit the public have been warped to benefit only the corporate bottom line; how administrations manipulate the tax code to slide their extortion from the bottom half past congressional oversight; and how the politicians from both parties employ budget doubletalk and paper trickery to make it look as if the economy isn't being sucked further into a sinkhole in order to line the pockets of the few. A prolific writer of humorous but cutting analyses of government policy and its fallout, Zepezauer provides us with the tools we need to expose the political chicanery of current and past administrations, and make it much more difficult for politicians to play Three Card Monte with our money and our future. To the rallying cry of fiscal conservatives who claim that government must shrink, Zepezauer offers an easy answer. Shrink you. Mark Zepezauer has worked as a journalist, editor and publisher since 1985. His articles, columns and reviews have appeared in the Village Voice, In These Times and the Arizona Daily Star. Zepezauer also wrote two Real Story books (now published by South End Press): The CIA's Greatest Hits (1994) and the first version of Take the Rich Off Welfare (1996), which have sold over 25,000 and 22,000 copies respec
| Author | : |
| Publisher | : DIANE Publishing |
| Total Pages | : 37 |
| Release | : 2002 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : 1428946209 |
