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Employment Time and the Cyclicality of Earnings Growth

Employment Time and the Cyclicality of Earnings Growth
Author: Eran B. Hoffmann
Publisher: International Monetary Fund
Total Pages: 67
Release: 2018-05-16
Genre: Business & Economics
ISBN: 1484353560

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We study how the distribution of earnings growth evolves over the business cycle in Italy. We distinguish between two sources of annual earnings growth: changes in employment time (number of weeks of employment within a year) and changes in weekly earnings. Changes in employment time generate the tails of the earnings growth distribution, and account for the increased dispersion and negative skewness in the distribution of earnings growth in recessions. In contrast, the cross-sectional distribution of weekly earnings growth is symmetric and stable over the cycle. Thus, models that rely on cyclical idiosyncratic risk, should separately account for the employment margin in their earnings process to avoid erroneous conclusions. We propose such a process, based on the combination of simple employment and wage processes with few parameters, and show that it captures the procyclical skewness in changes in earnings growth and other important features of its distribution.


Pay at Risk

Pay at Risk
Author: John A. Turner
Publisher: W.E. Upjohn Institute
Total Pages: 220
Release: 2001
Genre: Business & Economics
ISBN: 0880992220

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Comprises seven papers which analyse risk bearing by workers in the USA and Canada. Examines changes in wages and job risk, employment arrangements, health care coverage, social security and occupational pension schemes and accident compensation mainly from the 1970s to the 1990s. Discusses policy options.


Social Life Cycle Assessment

Social Life Cycle Assessment
Author: Subramanian Senthilkannan Muthu
Publisher: Springer
Total Pages: 257
Release: 2014-12-31
Genre: Technology & Engineering
ISBN: 9812872965

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This book details the primary concepts of Social Life Cycle Assessment (S-LCA), integration of social aspects in product life cycles, quantification of social impacts in S-LCA, impact categorization in S-LCA, methodological aspects of S-LCA, and detailed case studies. As the societal implications of producing a product are coming to take on a new importance, the concept of Social Life Cycle Assessment has recently been developed and is becoming increasingly prominent. However, S-LCA is still in its infancy and its impact categories for many industrial segments are still under development.


Communities in Action

Communities in Action
Author: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
Publisher: National Academies Press
Total Pages: 583
Release: 2017-04-27
Genre: Medical
ISBN: 0309452961

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In the United States, some populations suffer from far greater disparities in health than others. Those disparities are caused not only by fundamental differences in health status across segments of the population, but also because of inequities in factors that impact health status, so-called determinants of health. Only part of an individual's health status depends on his or her behavior and choice; community-wide problems like poverty, unemployment, poor education, inadequate housing, poor public transportation, interpersonal violence, and decaying neighborhoods also contribute to health inequities, as well as the historic and ongoing interplay of structures, policies, and norms that shape lives. When these factors are not optimal in a community, it does not mean they are intractable: such inequities can be mitigated by social policies that can shape health in powerful ways. Communities in Action: Pathways to Health Equity seeks to delineate the causes of and the solutions to health inequities in the United States. This report focuses on what communities can do to promote health equity, what actions are needed by the many and varied stakeholders that are part of communities or support them, as well as the root causes and structural barriers that need to be overcome.


Minimum Wages

Minimum Wages
Author: David Neumark
Publisher: MIT Press
Total Pages: 389
Release: 2008
Genre: Income distribution
ISBN: 0262141027

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A comprehensive review of evidence on the effect of minimum wages on employment, skills, wage and income distributions, and longer-term labor market outcomes concludes that the minimum wage is not a good policy tool.


Handbook on Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment

Handbook on Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment
Author: Guido Sonnemann
Publisher: Edward Elgar Publishing
Total Pages: 461
Release: 2024-04-12
Genre: Business & Economics
ISBN: 1800378653

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This Handbook presents the state-of-the-art of Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment (LCSA) practice and provides guidance for its implementation and outlook for future work. Spotlighting sustainability analysts, managers and overall decision-makers from private and public sectors as well as experts in academia, it covers the historical background and current global context for life cycle sustainability assessment, methods and data management advancements.