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Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO)

Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO)
Author: Janne Fritt-Rasmussen
Publisher: Nordic Council of Ministers
Total Pages: 92
Release: 2018-10-29
Genre: Technology & Engineering
ISBN: 9289358513
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Shipping activities across the Artic are expected to increase with decreasing sea ice cover, thus increasing the risk of oil spills. Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO, a mixture of residual fuel and distillate diluent) is often used as fuel in marine vessels as it is relatively cheaper than e.g. lighter marine fuels. Knowledge about fate and behaviour of HFOs is important to select the most efficient countermeasures in an oil spill situation as well as in the risk assessment of possible oil spills in cold waters. The aim of this review is to collate and strengthen the knowledge base on HFO in cold seawater, its fate and behaviour, including weathering, biodegradation, environmental implications of HFO spills and HFO spill response including environmental considerations regarding use the of chemical dispersants and in situ burning. Knowledge gaps and research needs are identified and described.

Governance of Arctic Shipping

Governance of Arctic Shipping
Author: Aldo Chircop
Publisher: Springer Nature
Total Pages: 320
Release: 2020-08-11
Genre: Science
ISBN: 3030449750
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This open access book is a result of the Dalhousie-led research project Safe Navigation and Environment Protection, supported by a grant from the Ocean Frontier Institute’s the Canada First Research Excellent Fund (CFREF). The book focuses on Arctic shipping and investigates how ocean change and anthropogenic impacts affect our understanding of risk, policy, management and regulation for safe navigation, environment protection, conflict management between ocean uses, and protection of Indigenous peoples’ interests. A rapidly changing Arctic as a result of climate change and ice loss is rendering the North more accessible, providing new opportunities while producing impacts on the Arctic. The book explores ideas for enhanced governance of Arctic shipping through risk-based planning, marine spatial planning and scaling up shipping standards for safety, environment protection and public health.

Handbook of Industrial Chemistry and Biotechnology

Handbook of Industrial Chemistry and Biotechnology
Author: James A. Kent
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Total Pages: 1560
Release: 2013-01-13
Genre: Science
ISBN: 1461442591
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Substantially revising and updating the classic reference in the field, this handbook offers a valuable overview and myriad details on current chemical processes, products, and practices. No other source offers as much data on the chemistry, engineering, economics, and infrastructure of the industry. The Handbook serves a spectrum of individuals, from those who are directly involved in the chemical industry to others in related industries and activities. It provides not only the underlying science and technology for important industry sectors, but also broad coverage of critical supporting topics. Industrial processes and products can be much enhanced through observing the tenets and applying the methodologies found in chapters on Green Engineering and Chemistry (specifically, biomass conversion), Practical Catalysis, and Environmental Measurements; as well as expanded treatment of Safety, chemistry plant security, and Emergency Preparedness. Understanding these factors allows them to be part of the total process and helps achieve optimum results in, for example, process development, review, and modification. Important topics in the energy field, namely nuclear, coal, natural gas, and petroleum, are covered in individual chapters. Other new chapters include energy conversion, energy storage, emerging nanoscience and technology. Updated sections include more material on biomass conversion, as well as three chapters covering biotechnology topics, namely, Industrial Biotechnology, Industrial Enzymes, and Industrial Production of Therapeutic Proteins.

Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference in Ocean Engineering (ICOE2018)

Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference in Ocean Engineering (ICOE2018)
Author: K. Murali
Publisher: Springer
Total Pages: 1048
Release: 2019-01-16
Genre: Technology & Engineering
ISBN: 9811331197
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This book comprises selected proceedings of the Fourth International Conference in Ocean Engineering (ICOE2018), focusing on emerging opportunities and challenges in the field of ocean engineering and offshore structures. It includes state-of-the-art content from leading international experts, making it a valuable resource for researchers and practicing engineers alike.

Comparative Toxicity and Bioavailability of Heavy Fuel Oils to Fish Using Different Exposure Scenarios

Comparative Toxicity and Bioavailability of Heavy Fuel Oils to Fish Using Different Exposure Scenarios
Author: Jonathan Douglas Martin
Publisher:
Total Pages: 246
Release: 2011
Genre:
ISBN:
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Heavy fuel oils (HFO) are produced from the refining of crude oils, and have high specific gravities and high viscosities. In recent years, spills of HFO have increased in the environment, and are of great concern because they are difficult to clean up. Spilled HFO is likely to become submerged, and can become stranded if fresh HFO coats benthic substrates or if weathered HFO sinks as tarballs. Conversely, lighter oils float on the surface and their components disperse and become diluted in the water column. There is a research need to assess the unique ecological risks of HFO that can sink and contaminate spawning shoals of fish. Chronic toxicity of HFO to fish embryos is correlated with exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) that become bioavailable from spilled HFO to identify under which spill conditions fish populations are at greatest risk. The results of this research demonstrate that: (1) Stranded HFO is a significant source of PAH to the receiving environment and causes chronic toxicity to embryonic fish; (2) Tarballs and weathered HFO cause less toxicity than fresh HFO, likely a consequence of physical limitations to PAH release; (3) HFO 7102 samples collected from an HFO spill in Wabamun Lake, Alberta, are less toxic than HFO 6303; (4) HFO is at least 2-fold more toxic than Medium South American (MESA), a well-studied reference crude oil, coincident with 3-fold higher concentrations of alkyl PAH, namely alkyl phenanthrenes.

Commercial Ship Surveying

Commercial Ship Surveying
Author: Harry Karanassos
Publisher: Butterworth-Heinemann
Total Pages: 302
Release: 2015-11-26
Genre: Technology & Engineering
ISBN: 0081003048
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Commercial Ship Surveying: On/Off Hire Condition Surveys and Bunker Surveys provides guidance on the complete survey process, what should be done to prepare, and what constitutes good practice, all completely detailed so that the process can be executed quickly and efficiently. In addition to the surveying process, the book describes supplementary topics, such as the vessels likely encountered, the gear and rigging involved, and the special techniques necessary. The book is well-researched, with plenty of practical examples and photographic references, explaining not only what is expected to happen during surveys, but also how marine surveyors and ships’ officers are expected to perform, if, and when, they become involved with this work. Dedicated to detail, this book ensures that the reader clearly understands each step of the surveying process. Presents the first work to comprehensively describe the processes of on-hire, off-hire, and bunker surveys for dry cargo ships Includes a companion site featuring survey checklists and Excel worksheets for select calculations (such as heavy fuel and diesel oil weight calculations) Contains accompanying illustrations and photographs to clarify key concepts

Fouling in Refineries

Fouling in Refineries
Author: James G. Speight
Publisher: Gulf Professional Publishing
Total Pages: 539
Release: 2015-05-14
Genre: Technology & Engineering
ISBN: 0128011459
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Fouling in Refineries is an important and ongoing problem that directly affects energy efficiency resulting in increased costs, production losses, and even unit shutdown, requiring costly expenditures to clean up equipment and return capacity to positive levels. This text addresses this common challenge for the hydrocarbon processing community within each unit of the refinery. As refineries today face a greater challenge of accepting harder to process heavier crudes and the ongoing flow of the lighter shale oil feedstocks, resulting in bigger challenges to balance product stability within their process equipment, this text seeks to inform all relative refinery personnel on how to monitor fouling, characterize the deposits, and follow all available treatments. With basic modeling and chemistry of fouling and each unit covered, users will learn how to operate at maximum production rates and elongate the efficiency of their refinery’s capacity. Presents an understanding of the breakdown of fouling per refinery unit, including distillation and coking units Provides all the factors, crude types, and refining blends that cause fouling, especially the unconventional feedstocks and high acid crudes used today Helps users develop an analysis-based treatment and control strategy that empowers them to operate refinery equipment at a level that prevents fouling from occurring

Heavy Oil Recovery and Upgrading

Heavy Oil Recovery and Upgrading
Author: James G. Speight
Publisher: Gulf Professional Publishing
Total Pages: 839
Release: 2019-02-28
Genre: Technology & Engineering
ISBN: 0128130261
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Heavy Oil Recovery and Upgrading covers properties, factors, methods and all current and upcoming processes, giving engineers, new and experienced, the full spectrum of recovery choices, including SAGD, horizontal well technology, and hybrid approaches. Moving on to the upgrading and refining of the product, the book also includes information on in situ upgrading, refining options, and hydrogen production. Rounding out with environmental effects, management methods on refinery waste, and the possible future configurations within the refinery, this book provides engineers with a single source to make decisions and manage the full range of challenges. Presents the properties, mechanisms, screening criteria and field applications for heavy oil enhanced recovery projects Includes current upgrading options and future methods for refining heavy oil development Fills in the gaps between literature and practical application for everyday industry reference