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Price Discovery in the U.S. Stock and Stock Options Markets

Price Discovery in the U.S. Stock and Stock Options Markets
Author: Richard Holowczak
Publisher:
Total Pages: 42
Release: 2010
Genre:
ISBN:
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Option prices vary with not only the underlying asset price, but also volatilities and higher moments. In this paper, we use a portfolio of options to seclude the value change of the portfolio from the impact of volatility and higher moments. We apply this portfolio approach to the price discovery analysis in the U.S. stock and stock options markets. We find that the price discovery on the directional movement of the stock price mainly occurs in the stock market, more so now than before as an increasing proportion of options market makers adopt automated quoting algorithms. Nevertheless, the options market becomes more informative during periods of significant options trading activities. The informativeness of the options quotes increases further when the options trading activity generates net sell or buy pressure on the underlying stock price, even more so when the pressure is consistent with deviations between the stock and the options market quotes.

Essays on Single-stock Futures Trading

Essays on Single-stock Futures Trading
Author: Yoshiki Shimizu
Publisher:
Total Pages: 101
Release: 2019
Genre:
ISBN:
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This dissertation consists of two essays that study the effects of single-stock futures (SSFs) trading on financial markets during the 2008-2009 financial crisis. In September 2008, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) issued an emergency order to temporarily ban short selling of nearly 1,000 financial stocks. The literature found that the ban deteriorated valuations and market quality for banned stocks in stock and options markets. My first essay uses this short selling ban as an empirical setting to test the effects of SSFs trading on price discovery and market quality of banned stocks. I find that the short selling ban revived the trading activities of the SSFs market: SSFs trading volume increased significantly for banned stocks during the ban period. This result suggests that bearish investors and those with hedging demand migrated to the SSFs market to take short positions in banned stocks. Moreover, I show that SSFs trading contributed to price discovery of underlying banned stocks significantly more during the ban period. Finally, I show that SSFs trading helps improve market quality of banned stocks. While the strand of literature documents the negative effects of the ban on both price discovery and market quality, I find that SSFs trading helps mitigate those negative effects of the ban. In the second essay, I examine the effects of SSFs trading on options market quality during the short selling ban period. I analyze banned stocks with options and/or SSFs listings, and examine how SSFs trading affects options market quality during the ban period. I measure options market quality as the bid-ask spread relative to optionality variable and the likelihood of put-call parity violations. While the literature documents a significant deterioration in these measures during the ban period, I show that SSFs trading helps improve the options spreads and reduce the likelihood of the violations. These findings contribute to the literature by establishing the link between options and SSFs markets and also by documenting that the SSFs market plays an important role in today's financial markets.

Essays in Market Microstructure

Essays in Market Microstructure
Author:
Publisher:
Total Pages: 196
Release: 2009
Genre:
ISBN:
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The first essay investigates whether there is an informational linkage between option trading activities and underlying stock depths. I find that option trading activities and underlying stock depths are informative for predicting each other, indicating that a linkage does exist. I further find that underlying stock depths beyond best prices contain more information than same-side depths at best prices for predicting future option trading activities, which is corroborated by my additional finding that institutional investors are more likely to place underlying stock limit orders less aggressively than individual investors. My findings indicate that standing underlying stock limit orders play an important role in price discovery between options and underlying stock markets. The second essay empirically examines whether specialists face adverse selection and evaluates the performance of the six measures of adverse selection or trade informativeness. I find that specialists face adverse selection. I find that the Glosten-Harris (1988) measure is the most reliable, that the Huang-Stoll (1997) measure is the least reliable, and that the ranking among the George-Kaul-Nimalendran (1991), Lin-Sanger-Booth (1995), PIN (1996), and Hasbrouck (1991b) measures is ambiguous.

Essays on Price Discovery in Financial Markets

Essays on Price Discovery in Financial Markets
Author: Xinquan Zhou
Publisher:
Total Pages: 0
Release: 2023
Genre:
ISBN:
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We begin this thesis with developing a theoretical framework and propose a relevant empirical analysis of the soybean complex prices cointegration relationship in a high-frequency setting. We allow for heterogeneous expectations among traders on the multi-asset price dynamics and characterize the resulting market behavior. We demonstrate that the asset prices autoregressive matrix rank and the speed of reversion towards the long-term equilibrium are related to the market liquidity, unlike the cointegrating vector. Our empirical application to the soybean complex, where we control for volatility, supports our theoretical results when the price idleness of the different assets is properly accounted for. Next we switch to price discovery analysis to investigate the lead-lag relationship between equity and CDS markets within a corporate finance framework. Based on investment grade and high yield firms, we establish a panel framework associated to nine corporate financial characteristics factors related to price volatility, default risk, and company capital structures. Contributing to the ongoing debate over the price discovery process between equity and CDS markets, we detect credit-driven price discovery in equity markets. We demonstrate that price discovery process is more credit market driven when a company's credit risk increases, which is significantly more prominent for small-sized firms with highly volatile equity price, and increasing default probability. At last, we turn to study news impact on the trend and the volatility in commodity market. Applying an innovated textual machine learning to business news articles related to corn markets, we extract topics from news. We demonstrate that textual news about financial markets, soybean-biofuel, crop progress and exports significantly contributes in explaining the corn price dynamics. Our volatility analysis demonstrates that soybean and biofuel media coverage contributes also positively to the level of uncertainty regarding corn price. We conclude that news items related to this topic generally provide outlook information leaving scope for interpretation and thus uncertainty after their release.

Price Discovery in the U.S. Stock Options Market

Price Discovery in the U.S. Stock Options Market
Author: Yusif Simaan
Publisher:
Total Pages: 38
Release: 2010
Genre:
ISBN:
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Five U.S. exchanges compete to provide quotes and attract order flows on common set of stock options: the American Stock Exchange, the Chicago Board of Options Exchange, the International Securities Exchange, the Pacific Stock Exchange, and the Philadelphia Stock Exchange. In this paper, we investigate the price discovery in the U.S. stock options market. Our analysis shows that the newly founded, fully electronic International Securities Exchange has become the leader in providing options quotes that are the most informative, the most binding, and also the most executable.

Information Flow in a Fragmented Dealer Market

Information Flow in a Fragmented Dealer Market
Author: Laura A. Tuttle
Publisher:
Total Pages:
Release: 2004
Genre: Stocks
ISBN:
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Abstract: The 1990's were a period of rapid change in the trading of Nasdaq stocks. Advances in network technology improved the market's ability to trade efficiently and disseminate real-time information. Concurrently, regulatory changes mandated inclusion of alternate trading venues in the quote montage, and restricted the manner in which customer limit orders are handled by market makers. This dissertation explores the price formation process in the Nasdaq market, examining how fragmentation and imperfect transparency affects price formation. The first essay, "Price Discovery in Nasdaq Issues", investigates price leadership relationships between Nasdaq market makers and Electronic Communications Networks (ECNs). Using the Hasbrouck information share and Gonzalo-Granger common factor methodologies, I show that ECNs provide more than half of the price discovery for approximately one out of three Nasdaq 100 stocks, although ECNs trades account for less than 33% of any Nasdaq 100 issue's trading activity. The second essay, "Hidden Orders, Trading Costs and Information", explores non-displayed (reserve) depth in Nasdaq market-maker quotes in SuperSOES. While the presence of hidden depth at the inside has no effect on effective half-spreads, the information content of a trade (as measured by the midquote adjustment in the 30 minutes post-trade) is lower when reserve size is quoted, suggesting reserve size signals short-term price movements. Displayed depth does not predict daily returns, but the non-displayed orders of investment banks and wirehouses are indicative of daily price changes. In the final essay, "News or Noise: Is the Price Impact of Island Trades Persistent?", I examine the trades on the Island ECN to discover whether their information impact is transient or permanent. I measure price impact at a number of horizons, allowing for the possibility of price reversals from liquidity motivated trades. Using simple regressions, I show Island trades are more informative than other trades only at short time horizons post-trade; at longer horizons, the price impact of an Island trade is not significantly different from trades in other venues. Island trades can be shown to be more informative at longer horizons only when the experimental design controls for the endogeneity of the trading venue decision.