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Engineering Light-matter Interaction Using Two Dimensional Materials

Engineering Light-matter Interaction Using Two Dimensional Materials
Author: Anshuman Kumar (Ph. D.)
Publisher:
Total Pages: 150
Release: 2016
Genre:
ISBN:
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The recent discovery of a new class of two dimensional(2D) atomic crystals allows the possibility of strong coupling of electromagnetic waves with various collective excitations such as plasmons and phonons, and carries great potential for nanophotonics across the long sought after terahertz to mid-infrared spectrum. In this thesis, I will show a few examples of how light-matter interaction can be engineered in 2D materials, through the modification of both microscopic as well as macroscopic properties of such materials. I describe how the plasmons in graphene are modified by coupling with the optical phonons of the naturally hyperbolic material, hexagonal boron nitride (hBN). I examine theoretically the mid-infrared emission properties of graphene-hBN heterostructures derived from their coupled plasmon-phonon modes, leading to the appearance of tunable dips in the spontaneous emission spectra. Going beyond graphene, I consider a generic gapped Dirac system. I show that the valley imbalance due to pumping with a specific circular polarization, leads to a net Berry curvature, giving rise to a finite transverse conductivity. Using this model, I predict the appearance of nonreciprocal chiral edge modes, their hybridization and waveguiding in a nanoribbon geometry, and giant polarization rotation in nanoribbon arrays. Among macroscopic structural effects, I consider localized plasmon resonances in nanostructures of 2D materials and the development of transformation optics methods. I formulate a general semi-analytical framework for a system of discs, whereby emission and absorption properties of dark and bright plasmonic modes are studied, as a function of graphene doping. Furthermore, I employ an open quantum systems formalism to show that under certain conditions, both the dark and bright dipolar modes in this system can support vacuum Rabi splittings for the plasmon-emitter coupling. Secondly, I expand the concept of transformation optics by formulating a novel scheme that can tackle arbitrary spatial variations of 2D materials, which are usually described by a surface conductivity. The novel phenomena enabled by photonic modes in two dimensional materials together with the ideas proposed in this thesis provide a basis for engineering light-matter interaction and controlling energy flow at the nanoscale.

Light-matter Interactions of Two-dimensional Materials and the Coupled Nanostructures

Light-matter Interactions of Two-dimensional Materials and the Coupled Nanostructures
Author: Shengxi Huang (Ph. D.)
Publisher:
Total Pages: 244
Release: 2017
Genre:
ISBN:
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Two-dimensional (2D) materials have gained increasing attention due to their unique and extraordinary electrical and optoelectronic properties. These properties can be largely attributed to the fundamental light-matter interactions. This thesis project uses spectroscopy techniques and focuses on the study of the light-matter interaction in 2D materials, as well as their coupling with other nanostructures, which are essential in achieving useful optoeletronic applications with 2D materials. First, the fundamental properties of 2D materials were investigated using spectroscopy. Photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopies of MoS2 and its related structures were studied, showing that the interaction between MoS2 layers and other dielectrics can strongly affect their PL emissions, exciton and trion properties. Moreover, combining Raman spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, the effects of substrates and defects for MoS2 have been revealed. Next, interlayer vibrational properties of 2D materials are studied utilizing low-frequency Raman spectroscopy. Twisted bilayer MoS2 and few-layer black phosphorus were chosen to demonstrate the interlayer coupling from the perspective of interlayer breathing and shear Raman modes. These exemplary studies offer a great tool to investigate the interlayer coupling, thickness, and stacking configurations of 2D materials using low-frequency Raman spectroscopy. The anisotropic light-matter interactions of 2D materials were also examined. Using polarization dependent Raman and optical absorption spectroscopies, together with first-principles density functional theory analysis and group theory, the anisotropy of electron-photon and electron-phonon interactions can be revealed. This method can experimentally exhibit the anisotropy of electron-phonon interactions in 2D materials, and can be generalized to other layered materials with in-plane anisotropy. The interactions of 2D materials with other materials systems were also investigated using optical spectroscopies. The interactions of 2D materials and selected organic molecules were revealed using graphene-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. The interaction between 2D materials and plasmonic nanocavities were found to exhibit an interesting enhancement phenomenon for the optical response of 2D materials. Overall, the studies presented in this thesis work show broad opportunities for using spectroscopic tools to study light-matter interactions of 2D materials, as well as the combined system of 2D materials and other nanostructures. This work is significant fundamentally, and also offers useful guidelines for practical applications of 2D materials in electronics and optoelectronics.

Two Dimensional Materials

Two Dimensional Materials
Author: Corey Janisch
Publisher:
Total Pages:
Release: 2016
Genre:
ISBN:
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Silicon and silica optical systems have become the primary materials of choice for visible and near-infrared optical devices. However, these materials inherently lack a direct band gap and their crystal symmetry limits second-order optical nonlinearity. In order to make next-generation system-on-a-chip devices, other materials must be incorporated into the system to integrate these properties into the system. To minimize propagating wave perturbations in the pre-existing system, these materials should be made as small as possible, fundamentally limiting light-matter interaction. However, new classes of two-dimensional materials that have been recently been discovered possessing both excellent optical properties, such as extraordinary nonlinear susceptibility, and an atomic thickness, making them excellent candidate materials to integrate into optical systems lacking these properties.This dissertation covers work done to characterize and engineer the optical properties in two-dimensional (2D) materials in an effort to integrate them in optical systems. First, a brief introduction is provided in Chapter 1. Chapter 2 discusses the extraordinary second harmonic generation (SHG) in mono- and few-layered Transition Metal Dichalcogenides (TMDs). It is discovered that monolayer TMDs have susceptibilities over three orders of magnitude larger than typical nonlinear crystals. This work is expanded in Chapter 3, where by synthesizing alloy TMD monolayers, we can tune the monolayer nonlinear susceptibility, allowing further opportunities for engineering 2D materials for optical applications. Chapter 4 covers a method to enhance the light-matter interaction in 2D materials by utilizing a simple nanocavity substrate. Using this simple MoS2/Al2O3/Al substrate, we can optimize the monolayer absorption and emission by tuning the oxide thickness layer, increasing the exclusive MoS2 absorption. In order to further increase this light-matter interaction with 2D materials, monolayers must be integrated into higher Q cavities. To demonstrate stronger light-matter enhancement capabilities of ultra-high-Q microresonators, Chapter 5 describes a method to enhance the particle detection capabilities of microresonators using Raman spectroscopy, demonstrating particle detection and characterization capabilities that could become an excellent platform to further increase the light-matter interaction with 2D materials. Finally, Chapter 6 concludes the dissertation by looking forward to future capabilities of 2D and microresonator systems.

Xenes

Xenes
Author: Alessandro Molle
Publisher: Elsevier
Total Pages: 474
Release: 2022-07-04
Genre: Science
ISBN: 0128238240
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Xenes: 2D Synthetic Materials Beyond Graphene includes all the relevant information about Xenes thus far reported, focusing on emerging materials and new trends. The book's primary goal is to include full descriptions of each Xene type by leading experts in the area. Each chapter will provide key principles, theories, methods, experiments and potential applications. The book also reviews the key challenges for synthetic 2D materials such as characterization, modeling, synthesis, and integration strategies. This comprehensive book is suitable for materials scientists and engineers, physicists and chemists working in academia and R&D in industry. The discovery of silicene dates back to 2012. Since then, other Xenes were subsequently created with synthetic methods. The portfolio of Xenes includes different chemical elements of the periodic table and hence the related honeycomb-like lattices show a wealth of electronic and optical properties that can be successfully exploited for applications. Introduces the most important Xenes, including silicene, germanene, borophene, gallenene, phosphorene, and more Provides the fundamental principles, theories, experiments and applications for the most relevant synthetic 2D materials Addresses techniques for the characterization, synthesis and integration of synthetic 2D materials

Silicene

Silicene
Author: Patrick Vogt
Publisher: Springer
Total Pages: 276
Release: 2018-11-02
Genre: Science
ISBN: 3319999648
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This book discusses the processing and properties of silicene, including the historical and theoretical background of silicene, theoretical predictions, the synthesis and experimental properties of silicene and the potential applications and further developments. It also presents other similar monolayer materials, like germanene and phosphorene. Silicene, a new silicon allotrope with a graphene-like, honeycomb structure, has recently attracted considerable interest, because its topology affords it the same remarkable electronic properties as those of graphene. Additionally, silicene may have the potential advantage of being easily integrated in current Si-based nano/micro-electronics, offering novel technological applications. Silicene was theoretically conjectured a few years ago as a stand-alone material. However, it does not exist in nature and had to be synthesized on a substrate. It has since been successfully synthesized and multi-layer silicene structures are already being discussed. Within just a few years, silicene is now on the brink of technological applications in electronic devices.

Two-Dimensional Materials in Nanophotonics

Two-Dimensional Materials in Nanophotonics
Author: Yuerui Lu
Publisher: CRC Press
Total Pages: 298
Release: 2019-10-31
Genre: Computers
ISBN: 0429768001
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Two-dimensional (2D) materials have attracted tremendous interest since the study of graphene in the early 21st century. With their thickness in the angstrom-to-nanometer range, 2D materials, including graphene, transition metal dichalcogenides, phosphorene, silicene, and other inorganic and organic materials, can be an ideal platform to study fundamental many-body interactions because of reduced screening and can also be further engineered for nanophotonic applications. This book compiles research outcomes of leading groups in the field of 2D materials for nanophotonic physics and devices. It describes research advances of 2D materials for various nanophotonic applications, including ultrafast lasers, atomically thin optical lenses, and gratings to inelastically manipulate light propagation, their integrations with photonic nanostructures, and light–matter interactions. The book focuses on actual applications, while digging into the physics underneath. It targets advanced undergraduate- and graduate-level students of nanotechnology and researchers in nanotechnology, physics, and chemistry, especially those with an interest in 2D materials.

Two-dimensional Materials in Nanophotonics

Two-dimensional Materials in Nanophotonics
Author: Yuerui Lü
Publisher:
Total Pages: 0
Release: 2020
Genre: Computers
ISBN: 9780429428777
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Two-dimensional (2D) materials have attracted tremendous interest since the study of graphene in the early 21st century. With their thickness in the angstrom-to-nanometer range, 2D materials, including graphene, transition metal dichalcogenides, phosphorene, silicene, and other inorganic and organic materials, can be an ideal platform to study fundamental many-body interactions because of reduced screening and can also be further engineered for nanophotonic applications. This book compiles research outcomes of leading groups in the field of 2D materials for nanophotonic physics and devices. It describes research advances of 2D materials for various nanophotonic applications, including ultrafast lasers, atomically thin optical lenses, and gratings to inelastically manipulate light propagation, their integrations with photonic nanostructures, and light-matter interactions. The book focuses on actual applications, while digging into the physics underneath. It targets advanced undergraduate- and graduate-level students of nanotechnology and researchers in nanotechnology, physics, and chemistry, especially those with an interest in 2D materials.

2D Monoelemental Materials (Xenes) and Related Technologies

2D Monoelemental Materials (Xenes) and Related Technologies
Author: Zongyu Huang
Publisher: CRC Press
Total Pages: 166
Release: 2022-04-19
Genre: Science
ISBN: 1000562840
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Monoelemental 2D materials called Xenes have a graphene-like structure, intra-layer covalent bond, and weak van der Waals forces between layers. Materials composed of different groups of elements have different structures and rich properties, making Xenes materials a potential candidate for the next generation of 2D materials. 2D Monoelemental Materials (Xenes) and Related Technologies: Beyond Graphene describes the structure, properties, and applications of Xenes by classification and section. The first section covers the structure and classification of single-element 2D materials, according to the different main groups of monoelemental materials of different components and includes the properties and applications with detailed description. The second section discusses the structure, properties, and applications of advanced 2D Xenes materials, which are composed of heterogeneous structures, produced by defects, and regulated by the field. Features include: Systematically detailed single element materials according to the main groups of the constituent elements Classification of the most effective and widely studied 2D Xenes materials Expounding upon changes in properties and improvements in applications by different regulation mechanisms Discussion of the significance of 2D single-element materials where structural characteristics are closely combined with different preparation methods and the relevant theoretical properties complement each other with practical applications Aimed at researchers and advanced students in materials science and engineering, this book offers a broad view of current knowledge in the emerging and promising field of 2D monoelemental materials.

Synthesis, Modelling and Characterization of 2D Materials and their Heterostructures

Synthesis, Modelling and Characterization of 2D Materials and their Heterostructures
Author: Eui-Hyeok Yang
Publisher: Elsevier
Total Pages: 502
Release: 2020-06-19
Genre: Technology & Engineering
ISBN: 0128184760
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Synthesis, Modelling and Characterization of 2D Materials and Their Heterostructures provides a detailed discussion on the multiscale computational approach surrounding atomic, molecular and atomic-informed continuum models. In addition to a detailed theoretical description, this book provides example problems, sample code/script, and a discussion on how theoretical analysis provides insight into optimal experimental design. Furthermore, the book addresses the growth mechanism of these 2D materials, the formation of defects, and different lattice mismatch and interlayer interactions. Sections cover direct band gap, Raman scattering, extraordinary strong light matter interaction, layer dependent photoluminescence, and other physical properties. Explains multiscale computational techniques, from atomic to continuum scale, covering different time and length scales Provides fundamental theoretical insights, example problems, sample code and exercise problems Outlines major characterization and synthesis methods for different types of 2D materials

Two-Dimensional Materials for Nonlinear Optics

Two-Dimensional Materials for Nonlinear Optics
Author: Qiang Wang
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
Total Pages: 373
Release: 2023-09-29
Genre: Technology & Engineering
ISBN: 3527838279
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Two-Dimensional Materials for Nonlinear Optics Comprehensive resource covering concepts, perspectives, and skills required to understand the preparation, nonlinear optics, and applications of two-dimensional (2D) materials Bringing together many interdisciplinary experts in the field of 2D materials with their applications in nonlinear optics, Two-Dimensional Materials for Nonlinear Optics covers preparation methods for various novel 2D materials, such as transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) and single elemental 2D materials, excited-state dynamics of 2D materials behind their outstanding performance in photonic devices, instrumentation for exploring the photoinduced excited-state dynamics of the 2D materials spanning a wide time scale from ultrafast to slow, and future trends of 2D materials on a series of issues like fabrications, dynamic investigations, and photonic/optoelectronic applications. Powerful nonlinear optical characterization techniques, such as Z-scan measurement, femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy, and microscopy, are also introduced. Edited by two highly qualified academics with extensive experience in the field, Two-Dimensional Materials for Nonlinear Optics covers sample topics such as: Foundational knowledge on nonlinear optical properties, and fundamentals and preparation methods of 2D materials with nonlinear optical properties Modulation and enhancement of optical nonlinearity in 2D materials, and nonlinear optical characterization techniques for 2D materials and their applications in a specific field Novel nonlinear optical imaging systems, ultrafast time-resolved spectroscopy for investigating carrier dynamics in emerging 2D materials, and transient terahertz spectroscopy 2D materials for optical limiting, saturable absorber, second and third harmonic generation, nanolasers, and space use With collective insight from researchers in many different interdisciplinary fields, Two-Dimensional Materials for Nonlinear Optics is an essential resource for materials scientists, solid state chemists and physicists, photochemists, and professionals in the semiconductor industry who are interested in understanding the state of the art in the field.