Effects Of Widely Used Agricultural Chemicals On Soil Microbial Activity And Community Structure PDF Download
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Author | : Jennifer Lynn Macalady |
Publisher | : |
Total Pages | : 124 |
Release | : 1998 |
Genre | : |
ISBN | : |
Download Effects of Widely-used Agricultural Chemicals on Soil Microbial Activity and Community Structure Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
Author | : Cristiana Cravo-Laureau |
Publisher | : Springer |
Total Pages | : 365 |
Release | : 2017-08-01 |
Genre | : Science |
ISBN | : 3319617958 |
Download Microbial Ecotoxicology Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
This book is a treatise on microbial ecotoxicology, discussing the effect of pollutants on microbial ecosystems and the role of microorganisms in ecosystems services. Emphasizing the microbial responses to pollution at different biological levels, it focuses on metabolic pathways, genetic adaptation and response at the whole-microbial community level. It also addresses the ecological indicators of ecosystem recovery, as well as microbial biomarkers and biosensors as tools for microbial ecotoxicology.
Author | : Christopher Carl Howell |
Publisher | : |
Total Pages | : |
Release | : 2011 |
Genre | : |
ISBN | : |
Download How Do Pesticides Impact Soil Microbial Structure and Functioning? Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
Pesticides are used worldwide and exhibit a plethora of different modes of action against a wide spectrum of organisms. Therefore, before they can be marketed they have to be tested against certain standardised regulations. These include the Food and Environment Protection Act 1985 (FEPA), the Control of Pesticides Regulations 1986 (COPR), and more recently the European Council Directive 1991 91/414 and the Plant Protection Products Regulations 1991 (PPPR). However, the current tests used to determine pesticide impacts on microorganisms as detailed by the OECD focus on only broadscale analytical methods that may mask more subtle effects that may still be ecologically significant. Therefore, this project aimed to determine the effects of a widely-used model pesticide, azoxystrobin on both target and non-target microbial communities across different trophic levels. The techniques used to perform this included broad- (soil microbial biomass and soil dehydrogenase activity) and fine-scale (T-RFLP, cloning/sequencing, and qPCR) analytical methods. The results of these analyses showed that the application of azoxystrobin had a significant, concentration-dependent impact on soil dehydrogenase activity whilst biomass was unaffected. The molecular analyses showed that azoxystrobin significantly impacted fungal community structure, diversity and gene copy number. Additionally, pesticide application significantly altered nematode community structure and general eukaryotic diversity. Soil and liquid culture enrichments showed that azoxystrobin degradation can be enhanced following repeated applications and enabled the isolation of two degrader organisms with sequence homologies to a Cupriavidus sp. and a Rhodanobacter sp. Further work showed that sequential enrichments with azoxystrobin also conferred cross-enhanced degradative abilities for three other strobilurin fungicides: pyraclostrobin, kresoxim methyl and trifloxystrobin. The work performed in this thesis served to illustrate how the current OECD test procedures may benefit from the incorporation of finer-scale molecular methods into its tests, as well as how difficult the task can be to produce compounds that persist in the environment long enough to perform their required function, but do not have significant deleterious impacts on non-target organisms when present.
Author | : Ramesh Chandra Dubey |
Publisher | : Academic Press |
Total Pages | : 566 |
Release | : 2022-02-15 |
Genre | : Technology & Engineering |
ISBN | : 0323885950 |
Download Rhizosphere Engineering Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
Rhizosphere Engineering is a guide to applying environmentally sound agronomic practices to improve crop yield while also protecting soil resources. Focusing on the potential and positive impacts of appropriate practices, the book includes the use of beneficial microbes, nanotechnology and metagenomics. Developing and applying techniques that not only enhance yield, but also restore the quality of soil and water using beneficial microbes such as Bacillus, Pseudomonas, vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza (VAM) fungi and others are covered, along with new information on utilizing nanotechnology, quorum sensing and other technologies to further advance the science. Designed to fill the gap between research and application, this book is written for advanced students, researchers and those seeking real-world insights for improving agricultural production. Explores the potential benefits of optimized rhizosphere Includes metagenomics and their emerging importance Presents insights into the use of biosurfactants
Author | : Juan C. Sanchez-Hernandez |
Publisher | : CRC Press |
Total Pages | : 247 |
Release | : 2019-03-14 |
Genre | : Science |
ISBN | : 1351793101 |
Download Bioremediation of Agricultural Soils Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
The quality of agricultural soils are always under threat from chemical contaminants, which ultimately affect the productivity and safety of crops. Besides agrochemicals, a new generation of substances invades the soil through irrigation with reclaimed wastewater and pollutants of organic origin such as sewage sludge or cattle manure. Emerging pollutants such as pharmaceuticals, nanomaterials and microplastics are now present in agricultural soils, but the understanding of their impact on soil quality is still limited. With focus on in situ bioremediation, this book provides an exhaustive analysis of the current biological methodologies for recovering polluted agricultural soils as well as monitoring the effectiveness of bioremediation.
Author | : Mette Neiendam Nielsen |
Publisher | : |
Total Pages | : 82 |
Release | : 2002 |
Genre | : |
ISBN | : 9788777726583 |
Download Microorganisms as Indicators of Soil Health Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
Author | : Francisco Sánchez-Bayo, Paul J. van den Brink, Reinier M. Mann |
Publisher | : Francisco Sanchez-Bayo |
Total Pages | : 288 |
Release | : 2011-09-09 |
Genre | : Nature |
ISBN | : 1608051218 |
Download Ecological Impacts of Toxic Chemicals Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
Ecological Impacts of Toxic Chemicals presents a comprehensive, yet readable account of the known disturbances caused by all kinds of toxic chemicals on both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Topics cover the sources of toxicants, their fate and distribution through the planet, their impacts on specific ecosystems, and their remediation by natural systems. Each chapter is written by well-known specialists in those areas, for the general public, students, and even scientists from outside this field. The book intends to raise awareness of the dangers of chemical pollution in a world dominated by industry and globalization of resources. Because the problems are widespread and far reaching, it is hoped that confronting the facts may prompt better management practices at industrial, agricultural and all levels of management, from local to governmental, so as to reduce the negative impacts of chemical contaminants on our planet.
Author | : National Research Council |
Publisher | : National Academies Press |
Total Pages | : 325 |
Release | : 2000-11-02 |
Genre | : Technology & Engineering |
ISBN | : 0309172942 |
Download The Future Role of Pesticides in US Agriculture Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
Although chemical pesticides safeguard crops and improve farm productivity, they are increasingly feared for their potentially dangerous residues and their effects on ecosystems. The Future Role of Pesticides explores the role of chemical pesticides in the decade ahead and identifies the most promising opportunities for increasing the benefits and reducing the risks of pesticide use. The committee recommends R&D, program, and policy initiatives for federal agriculture authorities and other stakeholders in the public and private sectors. This book presents clear overviews of key factors in chemical pesticide use, including: Advances in genetic engineering not only of pest-resistant crops but also of pests themselves. Problems in pesticide useâ€"concerns about the health of agricultural workers, the ability of pests to develop resistance, issues of public perception, and more. Impending shifts in agricultureâ€"globalization of the economy, biological "invasions" of organisms, rising sensitivity toward cross-border environmental issues, and other trends. With a model and working examples, this book offers guidance on how to assess various pest control strategies available to today's agriculturist.
Author | : P. M. Huang |
Publisher | : CRC Press |
Total Pages | : 472 |
Release | : 1995-03-29 |
Genre | : Nature |
ISBN | : |
Download Environmental Impacts of Soil Component Interactions Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
V. 1 - Natural and anthropogenic organics; v. 2 - Metals, other inorganics, and microbial activities. General soil quality as influenced by interactions of soil minerals with organics and microorganisms: Organic-inorganic interections in soils and their effects on soil quality; Sorption phenomena between inorganic and organic compounds in soils: impacts on transformation processes; Role of aluminium and iron in the accumulation of organic matter in soils with variable charge; Sorption of ions by soil organic matter and clay-organics at low ionic strength; Water potential, soil microhabitats, and microbial development; Effect of citric acid on interlayer adsorption of hydroxy-aluminosilicate ions by montmorillonite; Microbial oxidation of pyrites in relation to its efficiency in alkali soil reclamation; Modification of gelation properties of colloidal solids from oil sands: extraction impact on fine tailings formation; Position paper of part I; Transformations of natural and anthropogenic organic compounds as affected by soil minerals and microorganisms: Natural organics; Recent advances in organomineral interactions: implications for carbon cycling and soil structure; The role of short-range ordered mineral colloids in abiotic transformations of organics components in the environment; Influence of pyrogallol on the catalytic action of iron and managenese oxides in amino acid transformation; Photochemical effect on the abiotic transformations of polyphenolics as catalyzed by Mn(IV) oxide; Potential of the supercitical fluid extraction technique for characterizing organic-inorganic interactions in soils; Dissolution and fractionation of calcium-bound and iron-and aluminium-bound humus in soils; Rhe quality of soil organic matter as characterized by soil CPMAS C-NMR, and Py-FIMS; Extracellular polysaccharides: an interface between microorganisms and soil constituents; Low-molecular-weigh aliphatic carboxylic acids in some andisols of Japan; Relationship between organic acids and microorganisms on a kong-term cropping site in southeastern Australia; Effect of the addition of plant residues on the mineralization of sulfur in Costa Rican soils; Anthropogenic organics: Sorption and biodegradation of organic contaminants in soils: conceptual representations of process coupling; The role of dissolved metals and metal-containing surfaces in catalyzing the hydrolysis of organic pollutants; The role of abiotic and biotic catalysts in the transformation of phenolic compounds; The role of abiotic interections with humic substances on the environmental impact of organic pollutants; Adsorption mechanisms and abiotic catalytic transformations of some agrochemicals by clay minerals; Interactions between manganese oxides and multiple ringed aromatic compounds; Mobility and persistence of metolachlor and terbuthylazine in field lysimeters; Soil-pesticide interactions and their impact on the volatilization process; Factors affecting the movements, reactions, and biotransformations ox xenobiotics; Effect of soil minerals on the microbial formation of enzymes and their possible use in remediation of chemically polluted sites; Position paper of part II; Effect of microorganisms on mobility of heavy metals in soils; Interactions of copper with soil humic substances; Adsorption of phosphate on variable charge minerals: competitive effect of organic ligands; Cadmium adsorption on the hydroxyaluminum-montmorillonite complex as influencend by oxalate; Influence of citrate on selenite sorption-desorption on short-range ordered aluminum hydroxides; Role of amorphous fe oxides in controlling retention of heavy metal elements in soils; Effect of natural organic matter and pH on the bioavailability of metal ions in soils; Seasonal changes of organic matter, pH, nitrogen and some metals in forest topsoils in Austria: a case study of two soils with and whithout a litter layer; Substituion of rock phosphate and legumes for commercial fertilizers; Effect of single and combined inoculation with azotobacter and VA mycorrhizal fungi on growth and mineral nutrient contents of maize and wheat plants; Position paper of part I; Interactions of clays with microorganisms and bacterial survival in soil: a physicochemical perspective; Enumeration, survival, and beneficial activities of microorganisms introduced into soil; Effects of clay minerals, oxyhydroxides, and humic matter on microbial communities of soil, sediment, and water; Activity, stability, and kinetc properties of enzymes immobilized on clay minerals and organomineral complexes; Influence of site conditions and heavy metals on enzyme activities of forest topsoils; Aluminum toxicity: a major stress for microbes in the environment; Biological response to contamination with pentachlorophenol and mercuric chloride in a high organic matter soil; Ecology of 2,4-D degradation in three palouse silt loam soils.
Author | : Laurence Somerville |
Publisher | : Taylor & Francis Group |
Total Pages | : 260 |
Release | : 1987 |
Genre | : Science |
ISBN | : |
Download Pesticide Effects on Soil Microflora Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle
Van de 15 hoofdstukken zijn 3 van Nederlandse instituten afkomstig, nl. over laboratoriummetingen aan bodemademhaling (TNO, Zeist); ammonificatie en nitrificatie: veldwaarnemingen tegenover laboratoriumproeven (IB, Haren); pesticide-bijwerkingen: regelgeving in Nederland (IOB, Wageningen)