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| Author | : |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 170 |
| Release | : 2011 |
| Genre | : BUSINESS & ECONOMICS |
| ISBN | : 9781536115772 |
| Author | : Nicholas J. Bartlett |
| Publisher | : Nova Science Publishers |
| Total Pages | : 0 |
| Release | : 2011 |
| Genre | : Clean energy industries |
| ISBN | : 9781612098296 |
Includes reports by the Department of Energy and Marc Humphries, Congressional Research Service.
| Author | : Steven Chu |
| Publisher | : DIANE Publishing |
| Total Pages | : 166 |
| Release | : 2011-05 |
| Genre | : Reference |
| ISBN | : 1437944183 |
This report examines the role of rare earth metals and other materials in the clean energy economy. It was prepared by the U.S. Department of Energy (DoE) based on data collected and research performed during 2010. In the report, DoE describes plans to: (1) develop its first integrated research agenda addressing critical materials, building on three technical workshops convened by the DoE during November and December 2010; (2) strengthen its capacity for information-gathering on this topic; and (3) work closely with international partners, including Japan and Europe, to reduce vulnerability to supply disruptions and address critical material needs. Charts and tables. This is a print on demand report.
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| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : |
| Release | : 2010 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : |
This report examines the role of rare earth metals and other materials in the clean energy economy. It was prepared by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) based on data collected and research performed during 2010. Its main conclusions include: (a) Several clean energy technologies -- including wind turbines, electric vehicles, photovoltaic cells and fluorescent lighting -- use materials at risk of supply disruptions in the short term. Those risks will generally decrease in the medium and long term. (b) Clean energy technologies currently constitute about 20 percent of global consumption of critical materials. As clean energy technologies are deployed more widely in the decades ahead, their share of global consumption of critical materials will likely grow. (c) Of the materials analyzed, five rare earth metals (dysprosium, neodymium, terbium, europium and yttrium), as well as indium, are assessed as most critical in the short term. For this purpose, 'criticality' is a measure that combines importance to the clean energy economy and risk of supply disruption. (d) Sound policies and strategic investments can reduce the risk of supply disruptions, especially in the medium and long term. (e) Data with respect to many of the issues considered in this report are sparse. In the report, DOE describes plans to (i) develop its first integrated research agenda addressing critical materials, building on three technical workshops convened by the Department during November and December 2010; (ii) strengthen its capacity for information-gathering on this topic; and (iii) work closely with international partners, including Japan and Europe, to reduce vulnerability to supply disruptions and address critical material needs. DOE will work with other stakeholders -- including interagency colleagues, Congress and the public -- to shape policy tools that strengthen the United States' strategic capabilities. DOE also announces its plan to develop an updated critical materials strategy, based upon additional events and information, by the end of 2011. DOE's strategy with respect to critical materials rests on three pillars. First, diversified global supply chains are essential. To manage supply risk, multiple sources of materials are required. This means taking steps to facilitate extraction, processing and manufacturing here in the United States, as well as encouraging other nations to expedite alternative supplies. In all cases, extraction and processing should be done in an environmentally sound manner. Second, substitutes must be developed. Research leading to material and technology substitutes will improve flexibility and help meet the material needs of the clean energy economy. Third, recycling, reuse and more efficient use could significantly lower world demand for newly extracted materials. Research into recycling processes coupled with well-designed policies will help make recycling economically viable over time. The scope of this report is limited. It does not address the material needs of the entire economy, the entire energy sector or even all clean energy technologies. Time and resource limitations precluded a comprehensive scope. Among the topics that merit additional research are the use of rare earth metals in catalytic converters and in petroleum refining. These topics are discussed briefly in Chapter 2.
| Author | : Alena Bleicher |
| Publisher | : Academic Press |
| Total Pages | : 258 |
| Release | : 2020-08-05 |
| Genre | : Technology & Engineering |
| ISBN | : 0128235543 |
The Material Basis of Energy Transitions explores the intersection between critical raw material provision and the energy system. Chapters draw on examples and case studies involving energy technologies (e.g., electric power, transport) and raw material provision (e.g., mining, recycling), and consider these in their regional and global contexts. The book critically discusses issues such as the notion of criticality in the context of a circular economy, approaches for estimating the need for raw materials, certification schemes for raw materials, the role of consumers, and the impact of renewable energy development on resource conflicts. Each chapter deals with a specific issue that characterizes the interdependency between critical raw materials and renewable energies by examining case studies from a particular conceptual perspective. The book is a resource for students and researchers from the social sciences, natural sciences, and engineering, as well as interdisciplinary scholars interested in the field of renewable energies, the circular economy, recycling, transport, and mining. The book is also of interest to policymakers in the fields of renewable energy, recycling, and mining, professionals from the energy and resource industries, as well as energy experts and consultants looking for an interdisciplinary assessment of critical materials. Provides a comprehensive overview of key issues related to the nexus between renewable energy and critical raw materials Explores interdisciplinary perspectives from the natural sciences, engineering, and social sciences Discusses critical strategies to address the nexus from a practitioner's perspective
| Author | : Arda Işıldar |
| Publisher | : CRC Press |
| Total Pages | : 227 |
| Release | : 2023-12-21 |
| Genre | : Technology & Engineering |
| ISBN | : 1003810969 |
Critical minerals play a vital role in the ongoing energy transition, which aims to shift global energy systems towards more sustainable and low-carbon alternatives. These minerals, also known as critical minerals, are essential components in various clean energy technologies such as wind turbines, solar panels, electric vehicles, and energy storage systems. They possess unique properties that enable efficient energy generation, storage, and transmission. For instance, neodymium, a rare earth element, is crucial for the production of high-performance magnets used in wind turbines and electric motors. Lithium, another critical mineral, is a key component in rechargeable batteries powering electric vehicles and energy storage solutions. As the demand for clean energy technologies continues to rise, securing a sustainable and reliable supply of critical minerals becomes increasingly important to support the global energy transition and reduce dependence on fossil fuels. In this book, we investigate various aspects of critical mineral governance in the context of sustainability transition. We give perspectives around the critical metal requirements of sustainability transition in a forward-looking manner. We discuss the answers to the following questions: What role do the critical raw materials play in the transition to a sustainable economy and energy systems transformation? What are the bottlenecks in achieving a sustainable critical material supply? How do the critical minerals enable renewable energy transition and sustainable development? What is their role in the sustainability transition? How is mineral criticality assessed? And how critical are minerals? What are some regional differences in terms of critical mineral availability, processing capacity, and the supply chain? What strategy should be followed in deciding between primary raw materials and secondary raw materials in supplying critical raw materials for the transition to a sustainable economy? What is the (known) critical material budget, and how does it fit with the climate pledges? The authors of the chapters of this book take a multi-perspective approach and provide insights from industrial ecology, environmental engineering, and sustainable management of natural resources. The information provided will help readers to understand critical metal requirements of present and future key technologies and will help societies to develop and implement sustainable supply strategies.
| Author | : Arda Işıldar |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 0 |
| Release | : 2023 |
| Genre | : Strategic materials |
| ISBN | : 9781032112244 |
"Critical minerals play a vital role in the ongoing energy transition, which aims to shift global energy systems towards more sustainable and low-carbon alternatives. These minerals, also known as critical minerals, are essential components in various clean energy technologies such as wind turbines, solar panels, electric vehicles, and energy storage systems. They possess unique properties that enable efficient energy generation, storage, and transmission. For instance, neodymium, a rare earth element, is crucial for the production of high-performance magnets used in wind turbines and electric motors. Lithium, another critical mineral, is a key component in rechargeable batteries powering electric vehicles and energy storage solutions. As the demand for clean energy technologies continues to rise, securing a sustainable and reliable supply of critical minerals becomes increasingly important to support the global energy transition and reduce dependence on fossil fuels. In this book, we investigate various aspects of critical mineral governance in the context of sustainability transition. We give perspectives around the critical metal requirements of sustainability transition in a forward-looking manner. We discuss what role do the critical raw materials play in transition to a sustainable economy and energy systems transformation and what are the bottlenecks in achieving a sustainable critical material supply. We also show how the critical minerals enable renewable energy transition & sustainable development and what their role is in the sustainability transition. Further, the book discusses how mineral criticality is assessed and how critical are minerals. We also answer questions such as what are some regional difference in terms of critical mineral availability, processing capacity and supply chain, and what strategy should be followed in deciding between primary raw materials and secondary raw materials in supplying critical raw materials for the transition to a sustainable economy. We discuss the (known) critical material budget and how does it fit with the climate pledges. The book takes a multi-perspective approach and gives insights from an industrial ecology, environmental engineering and sustainable management of natural resources perspective. It will help the reader understand critical metal requirements of future key technologies and the decide for the supply strategy"--
| Author | : Alexandra Leader |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : |
| Release | : 2020 |
| Genre | : Business logistics |
| ISBN | : |
"The pressing global issue of climate change has driven the development of clean energy technologies. The clean energy technologies addressed in this dissertation include those used to produce energy and provide mobility with reduced emissions, as well as technologies outside the energy and transportation sectors which utilize energy in a more efficient way. Many of these technologies rely on materials that are considered critical due to their importance to the technology’s functionality and their potential vulnerability to supply disruption. Supply disruptions can stem from a variety of factors such as geographical supply concentration, production in unstable areas, low ore grades, or a large portion of the production occurring as a byproduct of another material. First, critical material intensity data from academic articles, government reports, and industry publications are aggregated and presented in functional units. These functional units vary based on the functionality of each technology and incorporate aspects of lifecycle assessment in order to allow for comparison of material intensities. The clean energy technologies analyzed include natural gas turbines, direct drive wind turbines, three types of solar photovoltaics (silicon, CdTe, and CIGS), the proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells, permanent-magnet-containing motors, nickel metal hydride and Li-ion batteries from electric vehicles, and finally energy-efficient lighting devices (CFL, LFL, and LED bulbs). To further explore the role of critical materials in addressing climate change, emissions savings units are provided to illustrate the potential for greenhouse gas emission reductions per mass of critical material in each of the clean energy production technologies. The impact of drastic and unexpected price increases of critical materials caused by supply disruptions on the cost of clean energy technologies are also explored. For this economic analysis three case study clean energy technologies are analyzed. These case studies are PEM fuel cells, NdFeB permanent magnets in direct drive wind turbines, and Li-ion batteries for electric vehicles. Using the calculated critical material intensities in these technologies, as well as material price information, we analyze technology-level costs under potential material price change scenarios. By benchmarking against target costs at which each technology is expected to become economically competitive relative to incumbent energy systems, the impact of unexpected price increases on marketplace competitiveness are evaluated. For the three case studies, technology level costs (of the fuel cell, generator, and battery) could increase by between 13% and 41% if recent historical price events were to recur at current material intensities. By analyzing the economic impact of material price changes on technology-level costs, the need for stakeholders to push for various supply risk reduction measures is stressed, and the potential options for doing so are summarized. One potential solution to the issues caused by critical materials is to substitute out those materials for less critical materials. A survey of national laboratory, academic, and industry stakeholders allows for a better understanding of how groups are making substitution decisions, and then that information is applied to the development of a novel, dynamic framework for quantifying substitutability that integrates technological, economic, criticality, and environmental tradeoffs. An in-depth literature review shows that current substitution analyses are done qualitatively or semi-quantitatively. The problem with addressing substitution through qualitative metrics is that they often necessitate expert analysis and are usually done for specific applications at a snapshot in time, which is time consuming and variable. The development of fully quantitative metrics allows for reassessment to be done much more frequently by updating the numeric values as they change. Through the development of the decision framework, a methodology that can be implemented to enable more informed decisions while respecting the realities of industry priorities and efforts is provided. This methodology is applied to a case study of elemental level substitution of nickel for cobalt and manganese in Li-ion batteries. These results capture the technical, economic, criticality, and environmental tradeoffs that would be realized by selecting any of the three demonstrated cathode chemistry combinations of the three materials (NMC111, NMC622, or NMC811)."--Abstract.
| Author | : Martin David |
| Publisher | : Springer Nature |
| Total Pages | : 147 |
| Release | : 2021-07-11 |
| Genre | : Social Science |
| ISBN | : 3030768066 |
As the world accelerates towards a renewable energy transition, the demand for critical raw materials (CRMs) for energy generation, conversion, and storage technologies is seeing a drastic increase. Such materials are not only subject to limited supply and extreme price volatility but can also represent serious burdens to the environment, to human health, and also to socio-political systems. Taking an interdisciplinary perspective, this book provides a novel perspective on the discussion about material dependencies of energy technologies. It examines CRMs use in fuel cells, an emerging energy conversion technology, and discusses governance strategies for early-stage fuel cell development to predict and avoid potential issues. This will be an invaluable resource for researchers in energy studies, engineering, sociology and political science as well as those with a general interest in this field looking for an accessible overview.
| Author | : Chinese Academy of Engineering |
| Publisher | : National Academies Press |
| Total Pages | : 256 |
| Release | : 2011-01-29 |
| Genre | : Science |
| ISBN | : 0309160006 |
The United States and China are the world's top two energy consumers and, as of 2010, the two largest economies. Consequently, they have a decisive role to play in the world's clean energy future. Both countries are also motivated by related goals, namely diversified energy portfolios, job creation, energy security, and pollution reduction, making renewable energy development an important strategy with wide-ranging implications. Given the size of their energy markets, any substantial progress the two countries make in advancing use of renewable energy will provide global benefits, in terms of enhanced technological understanding, reduced costs through expanded deployment, and reduced greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions relative to conventional generation from fossil fuels. Within this context, the U.S. National Academies, in collaboration with the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) and Chinese Academy of Engineering (CAE), reviewed renewable energy development and deployment in the two countries, to highlight prospects for collaboration across the research to deployment chain and to suggest strategies which would promote more rapid and economical attainment of renewable energy goals. Main findings and concerning renewable resource assessments, technology development, environmental impacts, market infrastructure, among others, are presented. Specific recommendations have been limited to those judged to be most likely to accelerate the pace of deployment, increase cost-competitiveness, or shape the future market for renewable energy. The recommendations presented here are also pragmatic and achievable.
