Comparative Dental Anatomy PDF Download

This historic book may have numerous typos and missing text. Purchasers can usually download a free scanned copy of the original book (without typos) from the publisher. Not indexed. Not illustrated. 1899 edition. Excerpt: ... Comparative Dental Anatomy. CHAPTER I. GENERAL ZOOLOGY AND COMPARATIVE ANATOMY. (1) The Animal Kingdom is divided into two sub-kingdoms, --viz, (a) Invertebrates and (b) Vertebrates. These sub-kingdoms are further subdivided into classes; classes are divided into orders, orders into families, families into genera, and genera into species. Species is the last division into which animals can be classified, but if the individuals of a species vary much from the normal type, they may be classed as sub-species or varieties. All animals are grouped with reference to their plan of structure, and classification is made according to the system of organization, and without regard to superficial characters or resemblances except so far as external features may have reference to functions. (2) Vertebrates and Invertebrates are distinguished from each other by the presence or absence of a vertebral column or backbone. The Vertebrates have a cerebro-spinal axis and a strong bony column composed of separate pieces called vertebrae, which are connected together by ligaments and are more or less movable. The sub-kingdom of the Invertebrates comprises all classes of animals which do not have a vertebral column, whatever their various plans of structure may be. The class of the Vertebrates is therefore homogeneous, and that of the Invertebrates very heterogeneous. (3) The sub-kingdom of the Invertebrates includes all animals which have no internal backbone or vertebral column: such as the Infusoria, Hydroids, Radiata, Worms, Insecta, Crustacea, Mollusca, etc. There is no spinal cord with its anterior enlargement, the brain, in the Invertebrates, but instead the nervous system consists of chains of ganglia scattered throughout the system, arranged in rows or..